Ngexesha apho idatha ikuyo yonke indawo, ukuqonda ubunzima bokumbiwa kwedatha akuzange kubaluleke kakhulu. Le nkqubo yenguqu iphonononga nzulu kwiiseti zedatha ukuze kufunyanwe ulwazi oluxabisekileyo, ukubunjwa ngokutsha kwemizi-mveliso kunye nokuxhobisa imibutho kunye nezifundiswa ukwenza izigqibo eziqhutywa yidatha. Ngaphandle kobuchule bayo bobugcisa, ukumbiwa kwedatha kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo yokuziphatha kunye nemingeni efuna ukuqwalaselwa okucingayo. Njengoko sisondela kwinkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji yexesha elizayo, eli nqaku likumema kuhambo oluya kwimigaqo ebalulekileyo yokwembiwa kwedatha, iimpembelelo zayo zokuziphatha, kunye namathuba anomdla.
Sijoyine njengoko siphonononga ubunzima bokumbiwa kwedatha, isitshixo ekuvuleni amandla afihliweyo kwihlabathi lethu ledijithali.
Inkcazo yokumbiwa kwedatha
Ukwembiwa kwedatha kume ekudibaneni kweendlela zesayensi yekhompyuter kunye neenkcukacha-manani, kusetyenziswa i-algorithms kunye nobuchule bokufunda ngoomatshini ukuphonononga kwiindawo ezinkulu zedatha. Kude nokuqokelela nje idatha, ijolise ekutyhileni iipateni nolwazi olubalulekileyo ekuthathweni kwezigqibo. Lo mmandla udibanisa izinto ukusuka kumanani kunye nokufunda koomatshini ukuya:
- Chonga iipateni ezifihlakeleyo kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwedatha.
- Qikelela iintsingiselo kunye nokuziphatha kwixesha elizayo.
- Uncedo ekwenzeni izigqibo ngokuguqula idatha ibe yimibono enokusetyenzwa.
Ukudalwa kwedatha, ngenxa yemisebenzi yethu ye-intanethi, kukhokelele kwisixa esikhulu "sedatha enkulu". Ezi seti ezinkulu zedatha, ngaphaya kwamandla ohlalutyo lomntu, zifuna uhlalutyo lwekhompyutheni ukuze lube nengqiqo kubo. Usetyenziso olusebenzayo lokwembiwa kwedatha luthatha imimandla eyahlukeneyo, efana nale:
- Ukuphucula ukubandakanyeka kwabathengi ngokuhlalutya ukuziphatha.
- Ukuqikelela iindlela zokucwangcisa izicwangciso zoshishino.
- Ukuchonga ubuqhophololo ngokubona izinto ezingaqhelekanga kwiipateni zedatha.
Njengoko sihamba kwixesha ledijithali, ukumbiwa kwedatha kusebenza njengebhakana, ukukhokela amashishini kunye nabafundisi ukuba basebenzise amandla edatha ngokufanelekileyo.
Ukuphonononga ubuchule bokumbiwa kwedatha
Ukuqonda undoqo kunye nezicelo ezibanzi zokumbiwa kwedatha, ngoku sijika ingqalelo yethu kwiindlela ezithile ezenza konke kwenzeke. Ezi ndlela zobuchule, ezingamahashe omsebenzi wokumbiwa kwedatha, zisivumela ukuba singene nzulu kwiiseti zedatha ukukhupha iimbono ezinokuthatha. Ngezantsi zezinye zeendlela eziphambili ezisetyenziswa entsimini:
- uhlelo. Obu buchule bubandakanya ukwahlula idatha entsha ngokwamaqela aqinisekisiweyo. Usetyenziso oluqhelekileyo kuhluzo lwe-imeyile, apho ii-imeyile zihlelwa njenge "spam" okanye "hayi i-spam."
- Clustering. Ngokungafani nokuhlelwa, amaqela adibanisa idatha esekelwe kwiimpawu ekwabelwana ngazo ngaphandle kweendidi ezimiselweyo, ezincedisa ukuqaphela ipateni. Oku kuluncedo kulwahlulo lwemarike, apho abathengi badityaniswa ngokukhethwayo okanye ngokuziphatha.
- Ukufunda umthetho wombutho. Le ndlela ityhila ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo kwiseti yedatha. Abathengisi, umzekelo, banokuhlalutya idatha yokuthenga ukufumana izinto ezihlala zithengwa kunye ukuze ziphakanyiswe ekujoliswe kuzo.
- Uhlalutyo lohlalutyo. Isetyenziselwa ukuqikelela ixabiso elixhomekeke kwizinto ezizimeleyo, uhlahlelo lokubuyisela umva lunokuqikelela, umzekelo, ixabiso lendlu ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu kunye nendawo.
- Ukufunyaniswa okungaqhelekanga. Le nkqubo ichonga amanqaku edatha awahlukileyo kwisiqhelo, anokuthi aqaqambise iintsingiselo ezizodwa okanye ukukopela okunokwenzeka.
- Ukunciphisa ubukhulu. Obu buchule bubalulekile ekwenzeni lula iiseti zedatha ngenani elikhulu lezinto eziguquguqukayo (iimpawu) ngokunciphisa ubukhulu bazo, kodwa kugcinwe ulwazi oluyimfuneko. Iindlela ezifana Uhlalutyo lweCandelo eliyiNtloko (PCA) kwaye Ukuwohloka kweXabiso eSinye (SVD) ziqhele ukusetyenziswa ukuphumeza oku. Ukuncitshiswa kobukhulu akuncedi kuphela ekuboniseni idatha enomgangatho ophezulu kodwa kuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwezinye ii-algorithms zokumbiwa kwedatha ngokususa izinto ezingafunekiyo okanye ezingabalulekanga.
Ngokusebenzisa obu buchule, amashishini, abaphandi, kunye nabafundi ngokufanayo banokukhupha ulwazi olunentsingiselo kwidatha, ukuphucula ukwenziwa kwezigqibo, uphando lwezifundo, kunye nesicwangciso sobuchule. Njengoko imigodi yedatha ikhula nge-algorithms entsha kunye neendlela, iyaqhubeka inikezela ngemibono enzulu kwiiseti zedatha ezintsonkothileyo, zityebisa zombini ubuchwephesha kunye nokufundisa umhlaba.
Iingqwalasela zokuziphatha kwimigodi yedatha
Njengoko ukumbiwa kwedatha kuya kumiliselwa ngakumbi kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla nakwimisebenzi yeshishini, kubalulekile ukujongana nemiceli mngeni yeenqobo ezisesikweni eziza nokusetyenziswa kwayo. Amandla okumbiwa kwedatha okutyhila ulwazi olunzulu olusuka kwiiseti zedatha azisa ekukhanyeni iinkxalabo ezinzulu malunga nobumfihlo bomntu kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi okunokubakho kolwazi olubuthathaka. Imiba engundoqo yokuziphatha ibandakanya:
- Ukuba bucala. Ukuqokelela, ukugcina, kunye nokufunda idatha yobuqu ngaphandle kwemvume ecacileyo kunokukhokelela kwimiba yabucala. Nokuba ngedatha engabonisiyo ukuba imalunga nabani, izixhobo zokwembiwa kwedatha ezikumgangatho ophezulu zinokuyilandela emva kubantu abathile, ezibeka emngciphekweni ukuvuza kwabucala.
- Ukhuseleko lwengcaciso. Izixa ezikhulu zedatha ezisetyenziswa kwimigodi zitsala abaphuli-mthetho be-cyber. Ukugcina le datha ikhuselekile ekufikeleleni okungagunyaziswanga kubalulekile ukuyeka ukusetyenziswa kakubi.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwedatha ngokuziphatha. Ukufumana ibhalansi echanekileyo phakathi kokusebenzisa idatha ngezizathu ezivakalayo kunye nokuphepha izenzo eziphazamisayo okanye ezingalunganga kunzima. Ukwembiwa kwedatha kunokukhokelela ngempazamo kwiziphumo ezithatha icala ukuba idatha yokuqala ayilungelelaniswanga.
Ukujongana nezi ngxaki zeenqobo ezisesikweni, ukuzibophelela kwiinkqubo-sikhokelo zolawulo ezifana GDPR kwi-EU, eyalela ukuphathwa kwedatha engqongqo kunye nemigaqo yabucala, iyafuneka. Ngaphezu koko, ikhwelo lemigaqo yokuziphatha eyodlula izibophelelo ezisemthethweni—ekubalaselisa ukungafihli, ukuphendulela, nobulungisa—likhula ngamandla.
Ngokucinga ngononophelo ngezi ngongoma zeenqobo ezisesikweni, imibutho inokugcina intembeko yoluntu kwaye iqhubele phambili ekumbiweni kwedatha eneenqobo ezisesikweni nezinoxanduva, iqinisekise ukuba iyawahlonipha amalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye neenqobo ezisemgangathweni zoluntu. Le ndlela yokunyamekela ayikhuseli ubumfihlo kunye nokhuseleko kuphela kodwa idala indawo apho i-data mining ingasetyenziswa kwiindlela eziluncedo nezihlala zihlala.
Kubafundi abaphonononga kwiinkalo zokumbiwa kwedatha kunye nenzululwazi yedatha, ukuqonda ezi ngqalelo zeenqobo ezisesikweni akukhona nje malunga nokuthembeka kwezemfundo; imalunga nokulungiselela ubumi obunoxanduva kwilizwe ledijithali. Njengeengcali zexesha elizayo, abafundi baya kuba phambili ekulungiseleleni nasekuphumezeni izisombululo eziqhutywa yidatha. Ukwamkela izenzo ezisesikweni kwasekuqaleni kukhuthaza inkcubeko yokuphendula kunye nokuhlonipha ubumfihlo obuyimfuneko kuluntu lwanamhlanje olugxile kwidatha.
Ukuqonda inkqubo yokumbiwa kwedatha
Ukusuka kwindawo yeenqobo ezisesikweni, masingene singene kwindlela osebenza ngayo umgodi wedatha. Inkqubo isebenzisa ubuchule bobalo kunye nokufunda koomatshini ukubona iipateni kwinani elikhulu ledatha, ubukhulu becala ezenzekelayo kwiikhompyuter zanamhlanje ezinamandla.
Apha ngezantsi uya kufumana amanqanaba amathandathu abalulekileyo emigodi yedatha:
1. Ukuqonda ishishini
Eli nqanaba ligxininisa ukubaluleka kokuchaza iinjongo ezicacileyo kunye nokuqonda umxholo ngaphambi kokuntywila kuhlalutyo lwedatha, isakhono esibalulekileyo kuzo zombini iiprojekthi zemfundo kunye nehlabathi lobungcali. Ikhuthaza ukucinga malunga nendlela idatha enokusombulula ngayo iingxaki zangempela okanye ithathe amathuba amatsha, nokuba kwimeko yezoshishino, iprojekthi yophando, okanye isabelo seklasi.
Umzekelo:
- Kwimeko yegumbi lokufundela, abafundi banokusebenza kwiprojekthi yokuhlalutya idatha yeenkonzo zokutya zasekhampasi. Umceli mngeni unokuqulunqwa ngokuthi, "Sinokuphucula njani ukwaneliseka kwesicwangciso sokutya ngokusekelwe kwingxelo yomfundi kunye neepatheni zokusetyenziswa?" Oku kuya kubandakanya ukuchonga iingongoma eziphambili zedatha, ezifana neempendulo zesaveyi kunye nezibalo zokusetyenziswa kokutya, kunye nokubeka iinjongo ezicacileyo zokuhlalutya, njengokunyusa amanqaku okwaneliseka okanye ukubhaliswa kwesicwangciso sokutya.
Ngokwenyani, eli nqanaba limalunga nokuqinisekisa ukuba iiprojekthi eziqhutywa yidatha, nokuba zezeshishini okanye izabelo zezifundo, zisekelwe kwiinjongo ezicacileyo, ezicwangcisiweyo, zihlahlel indlela yokuqonda okunentsingiselo nokunokwenziwa.
2. Ukuqonda idatha
Nje ukuba ubeke iinjongo zeprojekthi yakho, ukuqonda idatha onayo iba linyathelo elilandelayo elibalulekileyo. Umgangatho wale datha unempembelelo enkulu kwiimbono oza kuzifumana. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba idatha ixhomekeke kumsebenzi, nanga amanyathelo abalulekileyo ekufuneka uwathathe:
- Ukuqokelela idatha. Qala ngokuqokelela zonke iinkcukacha ezifanelekileyo. Kwiprojekthi yekhampasi, oku kunokuthetha ukudibanisa idatha yokungena kwiholo yokutyela, iirekhodi zokuthengwa kokutya, kunye nengxelo yomfundi evela kuphando.
- Ukuphonononga idatha. Okulandelayo, ziqhelanise nedatha. Jonga iipateni kukhetho lokutya, amaxesha okutya aphezulu, kunye nemixholo yempendulo. Ukubonwa kokuqala okunje ngeetshathi okanye iigrafu kunokuba luncedo kakhulu apha.
- Ukujonga idatha. Qinisekisa ukuthembeka kwedatha ngokujonga ukugqibelela kunye nokuhambelana. Sombulula naziphi na iiyantlukwano okanye ulwazi olulahlekileyo onokulufumana, njengoko ezi zinokulugqwetha uhlalutyo lwakho.
Umzekelo:
- Ukuqhubela phambili neprojekthi yeenkonzo zekhampasi yokutyela, abafundi baya kuhlalutya ngaphezu kokuthenga ukutya nje. Baza kuvavanya ukuba izicwangciso zokutya ezahlukeneyo zinxibelelana njani nokwaneliseka kwabafundi, ukuntywila kwiingxelo malunga neentlobo zokutya, iiyure zeholo yokutyela, kunye nokhetho lwesondlo. Le ndlela ibanzi ivumela abafundi ukuba bachonge imimandla ephambili yokuphucula, njengokwandisa ukhetho lokutya okanye ukutshintsha iiyure zeholo yokutyela ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zabafundi.
Isishwankathelo, eli nyathelo liqinisekisa ukuba unedatha efunekayo, kwaye iphezulu kakhulu, ibeka isiseko esiluqilima kwizigaba ezilandelayo zohlalutyo olunzulu kunye nokusetyenziswa.
3. Ukulungiswa kwedatha
Ngokuqonda ngokucacileyo iinjongo kunye nokuqonda ngokucokisekileyo idatha, isinyathelo esilandelayo esibalulekileyo silungiselela idatha yokuhlalutya. Eli nqanaba kulapho idatha icokiswa khona kwaye iguqulwa, iqinisekisa ukuba ilungele uviwo oluneenkcukacha kunye nokwenziwa imodeli. Imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwesi sigaba ibandakanya:
- Ukucoca idatha. Oku kubandakanya ukulungisa nakuphi na ukungachaneki okanye ukungahambelani kwedatha. Kwiprojekthi yokutyela ekhampasini, oku kunokuthetha ukusombulula iiyantlukwano kwiilogi zokungeniswa kokutya okanye ukulungisa ingxelo engekhoyo kumaxesha athile okutya.
- Ukudityaniswa kwedatha. Ukuba idatha ivela kwimithombo emininzi, efana neempendulo zophando kunye nokuswayipha kwamakhadi okutya e-elektroniki, kubalulekile ukudibanisa ezi sethi zedatha ngokudibeneyo, uqinisekise imbono ehambelanayo yeendlela zokutyela kunye nezinto ozikhethayo.
- Ukuguqulwa kwedatha. Ngamanye amaxesha, idatha kufuneka iguqulwe okanye ihlengahlengiswe ukuze ibe luncedo ngakumbi. Oku kunokubandakanya ukuhlelwa kweempendulo zovavanyo ezivulelekileyo zibe yimixholo okanye ukuguqula amaxesha okuswayipha okutya abe ngamathuba okutya aphezulu.
- Ukunciphisa idatha. Kwiimeko apho kukho isixa esikhulu sedatha, ukunciphisa idataset kwisayizi elawulekayo ngaphandle kokuphulukana nolwazi oluyimfuneko kunokuba yimfuneko. Oku kunokubandakanya ukugxila kumaxesha athile okutya okanye iindawo zokutyela ezidumileyo ukuze kuhlalutywe ngakumbi.
Umzekelo:
- Kuya kufuneka ucoce idatha eqokelelweyo, uqinisekise ukuba zonke izinto ezifakiweyo zokutya zirekhodwe ngokuchanekileyo kwaye iimpendulo zophando zigqityiwe. Ukudibanisa olu lwazi kuvumela uhlalutyo olubanzi lwendlela iinketho zesicwangciso sokutya ezinxibelelana ngayo nolwaneliseko lwabafundi kunye neepatheni zokutya. Ngokuhlela ingxelo kunye nokuchonga amaxesha okutya aphezulu, unokujolisa uhlalutyo lwakho kwezona ndawo zinefuthe lokuphucula ukwaneliseka kwesicwangciso sokutya.
Ngokwenyani, eli nqanaba limalunga nokuguqula idatha ekrwada ibe yifomathi ecwangcisiweyo elungele uhlalutyo olunzulu. Olu lungiselelo lucokisekileyo lubalulekile ekutyhileni iimbono ezinokuthathwa ezinokukhokelela kuphuculo olunentsingiselo kwiinkonzo zokutyela ezinikezelwa ekhampasini.
4. Ukwenziwa kwedatha
Kwinqanaba lokwenziwa kwedatha, idatha elungisiweyo necwangcisiweyo evela kwiprojekthi yokutyela ekhampasini ihlalutywa kusetyenziswa iimodeli ezahlukeneyo zamanani. Eli nyathelo libalulekileyo lidibanisa izakhono zobugcisa kunye nokuqonda iinjongo zeenkonzo zokudlela, ukusebenzisa ubuchule bemathematika ukutyhila iintsingiselo kunye nokwenza uqikelelo. Imiba ephambili yokwenziwa kwedatha ibandakanya:
- Ukukhetha iimodeli ezifanelekileyo. Imibuzo ethile malunga neenkonzo zokudlela zikhokela ukhetho lweemodeli. Umzekelo, ukuqikelela amaxesha ancochoyi okutyela, iimodeli zokubuyisela umva zinokusetyenziswa, ngelixa iindlela zokwahlulahlula zinokunceda ekuhleleni abafundi ngokukhetha kwabo ukutya.
- Uqeqesho olungumzekelo. Kweli nqanaba, iimodeli ezikhethiweyo zilungelelaniswa kunye nedatha yokutyela ekhampasi, ebavumela ukuba bafunde kwaye bachonge iipateni ezinjengamaxesha okutya aqhelekileyo okanye izinto zemenyu ezidumileyo.
- Ukuqinisekiswa kwemodeli. Iimodeli ke zivavanywa kunye neseti yedatha engasetyenziswanga ekuqeqesheni ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwazo kunye nokuxela kwangaphambili, ukuqinisekisa ukuba zithembekile ekwenzeni izigqibo malunga neenkonzo zokudlela.
- Uphuculo lwamanyathelo ngamanyathelo. Iimodeli zihlengahlengiswa ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zovavanyo, ziphucula ukuchaneka kwazo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweprojekthi yeenkonzo zokudlela.
Umzekelo:
- Kumxholo weprojekthi yeenkonzo zokutyela ekhampasini, unokusebenzisa ubuchule bokwenza amaqela ukuqonda ukhetho lokutya kwabafundi okanye uhlalutyo lokuhlehla ukuqikelela amaxesha okutyela axakekileyo. Iziphumo zokuqala zinokutyhila amaqela ahlukeneyo abafundi abanokukhetha ukutya okwahlukileyo okanye amaxesha athile apho iiholo zokutyela zizele kakhulu. Ezi mbono ziya kuthi ke zilungiswe kwaye ziqinisekiswe ukuqinisekisa ukuba zibonisa ngokuchanekileyo ukuziphatha kwabafundi kwaye zinokuzisa izigqibo zokuphucula iinkonzo zokudlela.
Ekugqibeleni, isigaba somzekelo wedatha sivala umsantsa phakathi kwedatha ekrwada kunye nokuqonda okunokwenzeka, ukuvumela izicwangciso eziqhutywa yidatha ukuphucula amava okutya ekhampasi ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno zabafundi kunye nezinto ezikhethwayo.
5. Uvavanyo
Kwinqanaba lovavanyo, ukusebenza ngempumelelo kweemodeli eziphuhliswe kwiprojekthi yeenkonzo zokutyela ekhampasini kuvavanywa ngocoselelo. Esi sigaba sibaluleke kakhulu sijonga ukuba iimodeli azifani nje ngokwezibalo kodwa zihambelana neenjongo zeprojekthi zokuphucula iinkonzo zokutyela. Nanga amacandelo esi sigaba aquka:
- Ukukhetha iimetriki ezifanelekileyo. Iimetrics zokuvavanya iimodeli zihambelana neenjongo zeprojekthi. Umzekelo, ukuchaneka kokuqikelelwa kwamaxesha okutya aphezulu okanye impumelelo yokubeka abafundi ngokwamaqela ngokutya okukhethiweyo kunokuba ziimetriki eziphambili.
- Ukuqinisekiswa okunqamlezileyo. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukuvavanya imodeli kunye namacandelo edatha ahlukeneyo ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwayo kunye nokusebenza kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, eqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo zihambelana.
- Ukubala impembelelo kwiinkonzo zokutyela. Kubalulekile ukujonga ngaphaya kwamanani kwaye ubone ukuba ukuqonda kwemodeli kunokuphucula njani iinkonzo zokudlela. Oku kunokuthetha ukuvavanya utshintsho kulwaneliseko lwabafundi, ukuthatha isicwangciso sokutya, okanye ukusebenza kakuhle kweholo lokutyela ngokusekelwe kwiingcebiso zemodeli.
- Ukucokisa ngokusekelwe kwingxelo. Uphononongo lusenokuqaqambisa iinkalo ekufuneka kuphuculwe kuzo, kukhokhelele kutshintsho kwiimodeli okanye nasekuqwalaselweni ngokutsha kweendlela zokuqokelelwa kwedatha ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neenjongo zeprojekthi.
Umzekelo:
- Impumelelo yeemodeli ayibalwa kuphela ngokuchaneka kweenkcukacha-manani kodwa ngempembelelo yazo yehlabathi lokwenyani. Ukuba utshintsho oluphunyeziweyo olusekelwe kwiimodeli lukhokelela ekwanelisekeni okuphezulu kwabafundi kunye nezicwangciso zokutya kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwimisebenzi yeholo yokutyela, iimodeli zithathwa njengempumelelo. Kwelinye icala, ukuba uphuculo olulindelekileyo alujongwa, iimodeli zinokufuna ukucokiswa, okanye imiba emitsha yeenkonzo zokutyela inokufuna ukuphononongwa.
Eli nqanaba lingundoqo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ulwazi olufunyenwe kwimodeli yedatha lunika amandla ngokufanelekileyo izigqibo kunye namanyathelo aphucula iinkonzo zokudlela zekhampasi, ukulungelelanisa ngokusondeleyo nenjongo yokugqibela yeprojekthi yokuphucula amava okutya kubafundi.
6. Ukusasazwa
Eli nqanaba lokugqibela libalulekile kwinkqubo yokwembiwa kwedatha, kuphawulwa inguqu ukusuka kwimodeli yethiyori kunye nokuqonda ukuya kwisicelo sabo sokwenyani kwihlabathi ngaphakathi kweenkonzo zekhampasi yokutyela. Esi sigaba simalunga nokuphunyezwa kokuphuculwa kwedatha enefuthe elithe ngqo nelilungileyo kumava okutya. Imisebenzi ephambili ngexesha lokusasazwa ibandakanya:
- Ukudibanisa ukuqonda. Ukuqonda kunye neemodeli zibandakanyiwe kwizicwangciso zokusebenza zeenkonzo zokudlela, ziqinisekisa ukuba ziyahambelana kwaye ziphucula iinkqubo ezikhoyo.
- Uvavanyo lubaleka. Ukuphunyezwa komyinge omncinci wokuqala, okanye ukuqhutywa kovavanyo, kuqhutywa ukubona ukuba utshintsho lusebenza njani kwiindawo zokutyela zokwenyani, okwenza kube lula ukucudisa izinto njengoko zifuneka ngokusekelwe kwingxelo evela kwihlabathi lokwenyani.
- Ukubeka iliso okuqhubekayo. Emva kokusasazwa, uvavanyo oluqhubekayo luqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho oluphunyeziweyo luyaqhubeka ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zomfundi ngokufanelekileyo, ukulungelelanisa naziphi na iindlela ezintsha okanye impendulo.
- Ingxelo eqhubekayo kunye nokuphuculwa. Ukuqonda ukusuka kwinqanaba lokusasazwa kusetyenziselwa ukucokisa inkqubo yokumbiwa kwedatha, ukukhuthaza uphuculo oluqhubekayo kunye nee-tweaks ekuphenduleni ingxelo yabafundi kunye neendlela eziguqukayo zokutya.
Umzekelo:
- Ukusasaza uphuculo kunokuqala ngokwazisa iindlela ezintsha zokutya okanye ukulungisa iiyure zeholo yokutyela ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo lwedatha. Olu tshintsho luya kuvavanywa ekuqaleni kwiindawo zokutyela ezikhethiweyo ukulinganisa impendulo yabafundi. Ukubeka iliso okuqhubekayo kuya kulandelela amanqanaba okwaneliseka kunye neepatheni zokusetyenziswa, ukuqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho lunefuthe elihle kumava okutya kwabafundi. Ngokusekwe kwingxelo, iinkonzo zinokuphuhliswa ngakumbi, ziqinisekisa ukuba ukutya okunikelwayo kuhlala kuhambelana nezinto ezikhethwa ngabafundi kunye neemfuno.
Ukusasazwa kulo mxholo kumalunga nokuzisa ingqiqo enokwenzeka ebomini, ngokuqhubekayo ukuphucula amava okutyela ekhampasi ngezigqibo ezisekelwe kwidatha enolwazi, kunye nokukhuthaza imeko-bume yokuvelisa izinto ezintsha kunye nokusabela kwiimfuno zabafundi.
Imiceli mngeni kunye nezithintelo zokumbiwa kwedatha
Ngelixa ukumbiwa kwedatha kunika amathuba abalulekileyo okufumana ulwazi oluxabisekileyo, akukho mingeni. Ukuqonda imingeni kunye nemida yokwembiwa kwedatha kunabela ngaphaya kweempembelelo zentlangano ukuya kummandla wezemfundo, apho le miqobo inokuchaphazela uphando kunye nomsebenzi weprojekthi:
- Umgangatho wedatha. Kanye njengakwizicwangciso zobungcali, umgangatho wedatha kwiiprojekthi zemfundo ungundoqo. Idatha engachanekanga, engaphelelanga, okanye engahambelaniyo inokukhokelela ekuhlalutyeni okucalucalulo, ukwenza ukuqinisekiswa kwedatha kunye nokucoca inyathelo elibalulekileyo kulo naluphi na uphando okanye umsebenzi weprojekthi.
- Ukusabalala. Ukusebenza kunye neeseti zedatha enkulu, nokuba yeyethisisi okanye iprojekthi yeklasi, kunokujongana nemingeni yobunzima, obunyiniweyo zizixhobo ezifumanekayo zekhompyuter okanye isoftware kumaziko emfundo.
- “Isiqalekiso sobukhulu." Xa idatha yakho ineempawu ezininzi kakhulu, inokuba bhityile-ikwenza kube nzima ukufumana iipateni eziluncedo. Lo mbandela unokukhokelela kwiimodeli ezingasebenzi kakuhle kwidatha entsha, engabonakaliyo ngenxa yokuba ifakwe ngokugqithiseleyo kwidatha yoqeqesho.
- Ubumfihlo kunye nokhuseleko. Njengoko ukumbiwa kwedatha kuhlala kubandakanya idatha yomntu, ukukhusela ubumfihlo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwedatha kubalulekile. Ukulandela imithetho nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kubalulekile kodwa kunokuba lucelomngeni, ngakumbi xa kubandakanyeke inkcazelo enobuzaza.
- Umkhethe kunye nobulungisa. Iiprojekthi zemfundo azikhuselekanga kwimingcipheko yokuthambekela okungokwemvelo kwidatha, enokuthi itshintshe iziphumo zophando kwaye ikhokelele kwizigqibo ezinokuthi zibethelele ucalucalulo olukhoyo ngokungaqondanga.
- Ukuntsokotha nokucaca. Ukuntsokotha kwemifuziselo yokwembiwa kwedatha kunokubangela umngeni omkhulu kwiindawo zokufunda, apho abafundi kufuneka bangasebenzisi le mizekelo kuphela kodwa bacacise neendlela zabo kunye nezigqibo zabo ngokucacileyo nangokuqondakalayo.
Ukuhamba kule mingeni kwimeko yemfundo kufuna indlela elungeleleneyo, ukudibanisa izakhono zobugcisa kunye nokucinga okubalulekileyo kunye neengqwalasela zokuziphatha. Ngokujongana nale mida ngokucingisisayo, unokuphucula amandla akho okuhlalutya kwaye ulungiselele ubunzima bezicelo ze-mining data mining.
Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa yobume obuntsokothileyo beeprojekthi zokumbiwa kwedatha kunye nemfuneko yonxibelelwano olucacileyo lweziphumo, abafundi kunye nabaphandi banokuzuza kakhulu iinkonzo zethu zokuhlaziya uxwebhu. Iqonga lethu libonelela ngovavanyo olucokisekileyo kunye nokuhlelwa kwesicatshulwa ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwegrama, ukungaguquguquki kwesimbo, kunye nokuhambelana ngokubanzi kumaphepha akho ophando. Oku akuncedi kuphela ekucaciseni iikhonsepthi ezintsonkothileyo zokumbiwa kwedatha kunye neziphumo kodwa konyusa kakhulu ukufundeka kunye nefuthe lomsebenzi wezifundo. Ukuxhobisa uxwebhu lwakho kwinkonzo yethu yohlaziyo kuthetha ukuthatha inyathelo elibalulekileyo ekuphumezeni unxibelelwano olugudisiweyo, olungenazimpazamo, nolunyanzelisayo lwezifundiswa.
Ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kokwembiwa kwedatha kuwo wonke amashishini
Ukuphonononga izicelo zokumbiwa kwedatha kuveza ukuguquguquka kwayo kumacandelo ahlukeneyo. Nantsi indlela esetyenziswa ngayo:
- Ukuqonda kwiivenkile ezinohlalutyo lwebhasikithi yemarike. Iivenkile zisebenzisa imigodi yedatha ukukhangela izixa ezikhulu zedatha, ukufumanisa iintsingiselo ezifana nokudityaniswa kweemveliso ezidumileyo okanye imikhwa yokuthenga ngexesha lonyaka. Olu lwazi lubanceda ukuba bahlele iivenkile zabo kunye nokuboniswa kwemveliso ye-intanethi ngokufanelekileyo, ukuphucula uqikelelo lokuthengisa, kunye noyilo lonyuso oluhambelana nokukhethwa kwabathengi.
- Ukuphonononga iimvakalelo kuncwadi ngophando lwezemfundo. Izifundo zoncwadi zifumana imali eninzi kwimigodi yedatha, ngakumbi ngohlalutyo lweemvakalelo. Le ndlela isebenzisa inkqubo yekhompyuter kunye ne-algorithms ehlakaniphile ukuqonda iimvakalelo ezichazwe kwimisebenzi yoncwadi. Inika iimbono ezintsha malunga noko ababhali banokuzama ukukuchaza kunye neemvakalelo zabalinganiswa babo.
- Ukuphucula amava emfundo. Inkalo ye-Education Data Mining (EDM) igxile ekuphakamiseni uhambo lokufunda ngokufunda iinkcukacha ezahlukeneyo zemfundo. Ukusuka kwintsebenziswano yabafundi kwiiplatifti zokufunda zedijithali ukuya kwiirekhodi zolawulo lweziko, i-EDM inceda abafundisi ukuba bachonge iimfuno zabafundi, bevumela izicwangciso zenkxaso zomntu ngamnye, ezifana neendlela zokufunda ezilungiselelweyo okanye ukuzibandakanya ngokukhawuleza nabafundi abasemngciphekweni wokungaqhubi kakuhle ezifundweni.
Ukongeza, ukufikelela kwi-data mining kunabela ku:
- Uhlalutyo lwezempilo. Kwinkathalo yezempilo, ukuchithwa kwedatha kungundoqo ekuhlalutyeni idatha yesigulane kunye neerekhodi zonyango ukuchonga iindlela, ukuqikelela ukuqhambuka kwezifo, kunye nokuphucula ukunakekelwa kwesigulane. Iingcali zonyango zinokuqikelela umngcipheko wezigulane ngokumba idatha yezempilo, ukwenza izicwangciso zonyango, kunye nokuphucula ukuhanjiswa kwezempilo ngokubanzi.
Ukubandakanya ukumbiwa kwedatha kuyo yonke le mimandla yahlukeneyo akuphuculi nje ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nesicwangciso sobuchule kodwa kukwatyebisa amava omsebenzisi, nokuba kukuthenga, ukufunda, okanye ukhathalelo lwesigulane.
Iintsingiselo zexesha elizayo kwimigodi yedatha
Njengoko siphonononga ihlabathi eliguqukayo lokumbiwa kwedatha, kuyabonakala ukuba lo mmandla usemngciphekweni wotshintsho olubalulekileyo. Olu tshintsho luthembisa amashishini kwaye luvule iindlela ezintsha zokuphononongwa kwezifundo kunye noncedo loluntu. Makhe siphonononge ezinye iindlela eziphambili ezibumba ikamva lokumbiwa kwedatha:
- I-AI kunye nentsebenziswano yokufunda koomatshini. Indibaniselwano ye-Artificial Intelligence (AI) kunye ne-Machine Learning (ML) kunye nokuchithwa kwedatha yenza inkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo. Ezi teknoloji zangaphambili zivumela uhlalutyo olunzulu kunye noqikelelo oluchanekileyo, ukunciphisa imfuno yokungenelela ngesandla.
- Ukunyuka kwedatha enkulu. Ukonyuka okukhawulezayo kwedatha enkulu, eqhutywa yi-Intanethi yeZinto (IoT), itshintsha intsimi yedatha yedatha. Oku kukhula kufuna iindlela ezintsha zokuphatha nokufunda uluhlu olukhulu, olwahlukeneyo lwedatha.
- Ukwembiwa kwedatha yentlalontle. Ngaphandle kwezicelo zorhwebo, ukumbiwa kwedatha kusetyenziswa ngakumbi kwimicimbi yoluntu, ukusuka kwinkqubela phambili yezempilo ukuya kukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo. Olu tshintsho luqaqambisa amandla okumbiwa kwedatha ukwenza utshintsho lwehlabathi lokwenyani.
- Iingqwalasela zokuziphatha ekugxilwe kuzo. Ngamandla okumbiwa kwedatha kuza noxanduva lokuqinisekisa ubulungisa, ukungafihli, kunye nokuphendula. Ukutyhala kwi-AI yeenqobo ezisesikweni kuqaqambisa imfuneko yee-algorithms ezithintela umkhethe kunye nokuhlonipha ubumfihlo.
- Uguqulo lwecomputing yelifu kunye nomphetho. I-Cloud kunye ne-edge computing iguqula imigodi yedatha, inika izisombululo ezinobungozi zohlalutyo lwexesha lokwenyani. Olu phuculo lwenza lula ulwazi olukhawulezileyo, nakwimvelaphi yedatha.
Kubafundi kunye nakwizifundiswa, ezi ndlela zigxininisa ukubaluleka kokuhlala unolwazi kunye nokulungelelanisa. Ukudityaniswa kwe-AI kunye ne-ML kwiiprojekthi zophando kunokukhokelela ekufunyanweni komhlaba, ngelixa ugxininiso kwimigodi yedatha yokuziphatha ihambelana neenqobo ezisemgangathweni. imfezeko ezifundweni. Ngaphezu koko, ukusebenzisa imigodi yedatha ukujongana nemiba yentlalo kuhambelana nokuzinikela kwehlabathi lezemfundo ekwenzeni impembelelo entle kuluntu.
Ikamva lokumbiwa kwedatha yimosaic yeteknoloji entsha, izenzo ezisesikweni, kunye nefuthe kuluntu. Kwabo bakwimfundo ephakamileyo, lo mhlaba uvelayo ubonelela ngamathuba atyebileyo ophando kunye nethuba lokufaka isandla kwinkqubela phambili enentsingiselo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Njengoko sijongana nolu tshintsho, ukukwazi ukuziqhelanisa nokwamkela iindlela ezintsha kuya kubaluleka ekusebenziseni ngokupheleleyo okunokwenzeka kokumbiwa kwedatha.
isiphelo
| Ukwembiwa kwedatha kwenza kube lula kuthi ukuqonda izixa ezikhulu zedatha kwaye kuzisa imibono emitsha kumashishini nakwimfundo ephakamileyo. Isebenzisa iindlela ezikhethekileyo zekhompyuter ukufumana ulwazi olubalulekileyo, ukuqikelela okuza kwenzeka ngokulandelayo, kunye nokunceda ukwenza ukhetho olufanelekileyo. Kodwa kufuneka siyilumkele indlela esiyisebenzisa ngayo ukuze sihlonele iimfihlo zabantu kwaye sibe nobulungisa. Njengoko siqala ukusebenzisa i-intelligence yokufakelwa (AI), ukuchithwa kwedatha kunokwenza izinto ezimangalisayo ngakumbi. Nokuba usaqala ukufunda okanye ubusebenza ngedatha iminyaka, ukugrunjwa kwedatha luhambo oluchulumancisayo kwinto enokwenzeka kwixesha elizayo. Inika ithuba lokufumanisa izinto ezintsha kwaye wenze impembelelo entle. Masingene kolu hambo luhle ngengqondo evulekileyo kunye nesithembiso sokusebenzisa idatha ngendlela eyiyo, sonwabele ukuphonononga ubuncwane obufihliweyo kwidatha yethu. |
