Ubude besincoko kuwo onke amanqanaba emfundo

Ukufundisa Ukubhala isincoko ibalulekile kwimpumelelo ezifundweni kuwo onke amanqanaba emfundo. Izincoko zibonisa ingqiqo yomfundi malunga nesifundo kunye nokukwazi kwabo ukucwangcisa nokuvakalisa ngokucacileyo iingcamango zabo. Ubude besincoko bubonisa i isihloko ukuntsonkotha nobunzulu obufunekayo bohlalutyo, kugxininisa ukubaluleka kokuziqhelanisa neemeko ezahlukeneyo zemfundo. Eli nqaku lingena kubuqhetseba bobude besincoko kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo kunye nezifundo, linikezela ngezikhokelo zokuphucula izakhono zakho zokubhala.

Ukuqonda iimfuno zobude besincoko

Ubude besincoko buyahluka ngokwenqanaba lemfundo, isifundo, izikhokelo zesebe, kunye neemfuno zekhosi, mfutshane kunoko amaphepha ophando or ezi.

Kwiimeko ezininzi zemfundo, izabelo ziya kuchaza uluhlu lwenani elifunekayo lamagama okanye amaphepha, afana namagama angama-2500–3000 okanye amaphepha ali-10–12. Ezi zikhokelo ziqinisekisa ugutyulo olubanzi lwesihloko. Ukuba akucaci, qhagamshelana nomqeqeshi wakho.

I-avareji yoluhlu lwamagama

Ukuqonda i-avareji yobalo lwamagama kwizincoko kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo emfundo kunokukunceda ukuba uhlangabezane nolindelo oluthile kunye neendlela zokuhlelwa kwezabelo zakho. Olu luhlu lubonelela ngesikhokelo sokuqinisekisa ukuba izincoko zakho azifutshane kakhulu okanye azide kakhulu, ezinokuchaphazela ukuzibandakanya kwabafundi kunye nokuhlelwa. Apha ngezantsi kukho uluhlu lwamagama oluqhelekileyo kwizincoko, ukusuka kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo ukuya kwisikolo esiphakamileyo:

• Ubude besincoko sesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo. 300–1000 amagama. Ngokuqhelekileyo yakhiwe njengesincoko esinemihlathi emi-5, le fomati yenzelwe ukufundisa izakhono zolwakhiwo olusisiseko kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba abafundi bayakwazi ukucacisa ingxoxo enengqiqo ngokufutshane.
• Ubude besincoko sokwamkelwa ekholejini. 200–650 amagama. Esi sincoko sobuqu esifutshane kufuneka ukuvakalisa umdla wakho kunye nenkuthazo ngaphakathi kumda wamagama engqongqo, umngeni kubafundi ukunika ulwazi olubalulekileyo ngokufanelekileyo.
• Isincoko sasekholejini ubude. 1500–5000 amagama. Ngokuxhomekeke kwiziko, isebe, inqanaba lekhosi, kunye nesilabhasi, ezi zincoko zibonisa ukucinga okunzulu okunzulu kunye nokukwazi ukudibanisa iingxoxo ezahlukeneyo kunye nobungqina.
• Isincoko sokwamkelwa esikolweni ubude. 500–1000 amagama. Ingxelo yobuqu ende okanye ingxelo yenjongo ichaza impumelelo yakho kwizifundo kunye nenkuthazo, efuna ukucaciswa nokuchaneka ukubonisa ukulungela imingeni yemfundo ephakamileyo.
• Isincoko sesikolo sabaphumeleleyo ubude. 2500–6000 amagama. Ezi zabelo, zihluka ngokwamaziko kunye nokuziphatha, ngokuqhelekileyo zibandakanya uhlalutyo olubanzi kunye nengxoxo eyandisiweyo, ukubonisa izakhono zophando oluphezulu kunye nokucinga okunzulu.

Ubude obulinganayo bamacandelo esincoko

Ukulinganisa ubude becandelo ngalinye kwisincoko sakho ngundoqo ekuxhaseni ukuhambelana nokuzibandakanya. Nalu ulwahlulo lokuba yeyiphi na inxalenye yesincoko sakho ekufuneka izinze ngokufanelekileyo:

• intshayelelo (10-15%). Useka ithisisi aze achaze iingongoma eziphambili. Ubude bentshayelelo buyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kubude bubonke besincoko—ukusuka kumhlathi omnye, ocacileyo kwizincoko ezimfutshane ukuya kwiintshayelelo ezineenkcukacha ezininzi kwizincoko ezinde. Eli candelo lifanele lilungiselele umfundi ngokufanelekileyo iinkcukacha eziza kulandela.
• Umzimba ophambili (70-80%). Oku kufanele kube yintliziyo yesincoko sakho, apho uninzi lwamagama akho lugxininiswe. Apha, uya kuphuhlisa iingxoxo zakho eziphambili, ubonise ubungqina, kwaye uhlalutye idatha. Ukuntsokotha nobunzulu bengxoxo yakho kufuneka buhambelane nobude besincoko ngokubanzi, kuqinisekiswe ukuba inqaku ngalinye lixhaswa ngokwaneleyo ziinkcukacha ezaneleyo.
• isiphelo (10-15%). Shwankathela iziphumo eziphambili kwaye uphinde uphinde uthisisi wakho, ulungelelanisa ubude ukuze buhlale bunempembelelo kodwa bufutshane. Injongo yokushiya umbono oqinileyo owomeleza iingxoxo zakho eziphambili.

Ukwahluka ngokohlobo lwesincoko

Ubude besincoko kunye nenqanaba leenkcukacha ezifunekayo zinokwahluka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwesincoko osibhalayo. Uhlobo ngalunye luneemfuno zalo ezizodwa:

• Izincoko eziphikisanayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo ixesha elide, ezi zincoko zifuna indawo eyaneleyo ukulungiselela ciingxoxo ezikhuthazayo kunye nokujongana neempikiswano ngempumelelo, kuqaqambisa imfuneko yophononongo olubanzi. Umzekelo, Kwiklasi yesiNgesi yasekholejini, isincoko esiphikisanayo sinokulindeleka ukuba sibe malunga namagama angama-2000-3000 apho uphikisana okanye ngokuchasene nokutolikwa koncwadi oluthile.
• Echazayo kwaye ingxelo incoko. Ezi zincoko zidla ngokuba mfutshane kwaye zijolise ekubaliseni amabali acacileyo kunye neenkcukacha zovakalelo ukubandakanya abafundi. Umzekelo, isincoko esibalisayo kwiklasi yokubhala yokuyila singamagama angama-1000-1500 kuphela, sigxile ekudaleni ibali elinyanzelisayo endaweni yengxoxo ebanzi. Ubude obufutshane bunceda ukugcina isantya sokubalisa kwaye ugcine ingqwalasela yomfundi igxile ebalini okanye kumfanekiso ochazayo.
• Izincoko zohlalutyo. Ziphawulwa ngolungelelwaniso lweenkcukacha kunye nobufutshane, ezi zincoko zifuna uhlalutyo oluchanekileyo ukuze zichaze iikhonsepthi ezintsonkothileyo ngokucacileyo, ziphepha ulwazi olungafanelekanga. Ngokomzekelo, kwikhosi yembali, isincoko sohlalutyo sinokuhlalutya uxwebhu olusisiseko lomthombo kwaye kulindeleke ukuba lubhalwe ngokuqinileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo malunga namagama angama-1500-2500, ukugxila kakhulu kuhlalutyo.

Khumbula, iimfuno zobude bokuhlangabezana zibalulekile, kodwa umgangatho wengxoxo kunye nohlalutyo zibalulekile. Injongo kukulungiselela ingxoxo ecengayo, exhaswa ngokufanelekileyo efikelelayo kwaye igqithe elona nani lincinane lamagama lilindelweyo apho kuyimfuneko.

Impembelelo yoqeqesho kubude besincoko

Ukwakha ekuqondeni ngokubanzi iimfuno zobude besincoko, eli candelo liphonononga indlela izifundo zemfundo ezithile eziyiphembelela ngayo le migangatho, ebonisa iimfuno zabo ezizodwa zocazululo kunye nombandela. Njengokuba:

• Ubuntu. Izincoko kumacandelo anje ngoncwadi, imbali, okanye intanda-bulumko ngokuqhelekileyo zifuna uhlalutyo oluphangaleleyo oluxhaswa yimithombo eyahlukeneyo, edla ngokuphumela kwizincoko ezinde. Ezi zifundo zikholisa ukusebenzisa iindlela zokubhala eziphononongayo nezinengxoxo-mpikiswano, ezikhokelela kwiingxoxo ezinzulu kwaye, ngenxa yoko, izincoko ezinde. Umzekelo, isincoko esiqhelekileyo soncwadi sinokubandakanya ukuhlalutya imixholo efana nenkululeko kunye nokuzincama kwi-"The Great Gatsby", efuna uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo lombhalo kunye nenkxaso evela kwimithombo yesibini.
• ZeSayensi. Izincoko zenzululwazi okanye iingxelo zelebhu zidla ngokuba mfutshane kwaye zijolise kunikezelo lwedatha kunye nohlalutyo. Nangona zinokuba zifutshane, zifuna ubufutshane kunye nokuchaneka, ngokugxila kakhulu kwiziphumo kunye iindlela endaweni yeengxoxo ezandisiweyo. Umzekelo, kwingxelo yebhayoloji yebhayoloji, unokulindeleka ukuba uchaze ngokufutshane useto lwakho lovavanyo kwaye uxele ngokuthe ngqo iziphumo zakho, usebenzisa ulwimi oluchanekileyo ukugubungela iinkcukacha zendlela yokusebenza.
• I nzu lulwazi. Ngokufana nobuntu, izincoko kwisayensi yezentlalo ezifana nengqondo, inzululwazi yezentlalo, kunye nesayensi yezopolitiko zifuna uhlalutyo olubalulekileyo lweethiyori kunye nobungqina bomxholo. Nangona kunjalo, ubungakanani bengxoxo bunokwahluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe kubunzima besihloko kunye nekhosi ethile okanye iimfuno zesabelo. Umzekelo, ubude besincoko soluntu bungatshintsha kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke ekugxininiseni kwayo-ukususela kwizihloko ezibanzi njengeempembelelo zokudityaniswa kwehlabathi kwiinkcubeko zengingqi ukuya kwimiba ethe ngqo efana nefuthe leenkqubo zokubukela kubumelwane kumazinga olwaphulo-mthetho lwengingqi.

Ubude besincoko abuyonto ekujoliswe kuyo ngokwamanani kodwa bukwabonakalisa umxholo woluleko, oyalela ukuba iingxoxo ziphuhliswe njani ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho yemfundo.

Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo ezinxulumene nobude ekubhaleni isincoko

Ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zobude obuthe ngqo kwizincoko zemfundo kunika imingeni emininzi eqhelekileyo kubafundi. Ukujongana nale miba kunokuphucula kakhulu ukucaca kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokubhala kwakho:

• Ukongezwa ngaphezulu. Ezinye izincoko ziye zizaliswe ngokugqithisileyo njengoko abafundi bezama ukuhlangabezana nenani elincinane lamagama ngokongeza umxholo wokuzalisa okanye izivakalisi ezintsonkothe ​​kakhulu. Oku kufihla iingongoma eziphambili kwaye kwenza ukuba isincoko sakho sibe nzima ukusifunda. Funa ukuchaneka kunye nokucacileyo, ugxininise kumgangatho phezu kobuninzi.
• Uphuhliso olunganelanga. Kwelinye icala, ukungafikeleli kumlinganiselo omncinci wamagama kunokucebisa ukunqongophala kobunzulu okanye ukuqonda okungaphezulu kwesihloko. Qinisekisa ukuba ingongoma eyintloko nganye iphuhliswe ngokucokisekileyo ngobungqina obufanelekileyo nohlalutyo, ukuphepha ukuphindaphinda okungeyomfuneko.
• Amacandelo angeyomfuneko. Ukungacwangciswa kakuhle kwamalungu esincoko (intshayelelo, isiqu, isiphelo) xa kuthelekiswa nobude besincoko bubonke kunokuphazamisa ukuhambahamba nokudida abafundi. Sebenzisa umlinganiselo wobalo lwamagama kwicandelo ngalinye ukugcina ingxoxo elungelelanisiweyo neyakheke kakuhle.
• Ukungafuneki ukufikelela kubude. Ukuphinda ulwazi olufanayo ukunyusa ubude besincoko kunokuphazamisa umgangatho. Yazisa ulwazi olutsha okanye ubungqina obongezelelweyo obuyiphucula ngamandla ingxoxo kwaye buxhase Isiteyithimenti sethesis.
• Ukungahoywa kokufutshane kubude besincoko. Nangona kubalulekile ukufikelela kwinani eliphezulu lamagama, musa ukuyekelela ukucaca nje ukwenza isincoko sibe side. Gwema ulwimi oluntsonkothileyo, olungeyomfuneko kwaye uqinisekise ukuba isivakalisi ngasinye songeza ixabiso kwingxoxo yakho okanye kuhlalutyo.

Ukubandakanya ingxelo kunye nohlaziyo

Emva kokuqonda iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo ezinxulumene nobude kunye nendlela yokuziphepha, kubalulekile ukuqonda indima yempendulo ekuphuculeni ngakumbi izincoko zakho. Ingxelo ayiphuculi nje iingxoxo zakho kuphela kodwa ikwaqinisekisa ukuba izincoko zakho ziyahlangabezana neemfuno zobude obufunekayo ngokufanelekileyo. Nantsi indlela yobuchule yokusebenzisa ingxelo ukulungisa kakuhle ubude nobunzulu besincoko sakho:

• Qonda ingxelo. Funda ngononophelo kwaye uqonde ingxelo enikiweyo. Ukuba iinxalenye zesincoko sakho ziphawulwe njengezinde kakhulu okanye zimfutshane, xoxa ngezi ngongoma ngokukodwa ukuze wenze uhlengahlengiso oluyimfuneko. Buza imibuzo ukuba kukho into engacacanga ukuze ufumane ngokupheleleyo izigxeko ozifumeneyo.
• Lubeke phambili utshintsho. Vavanya ingxelo ngokusekwe kwimpembelelo yayo kumgangatho nobude besincoko ngokubanzi. Ekuqaleni ugxininise kwimpendulo enceda ukutshintsha ubude besincoko, njengeengcebiso zokongeza ngakumbi kumanqaku angenankcukacha ngokwaneleyo okanye ukunciphisa amacandelo anamagama.
• Hlaziya kwakhona ngobuchule. Yongeza iinkcukacha ezithe kratya kumacandelo afuna ulwazi oluthe kratya okanye uqinise ukubhala kwiindawo ezinamagama kakhulu, uqinisekise ukuba iinkcukacha ziyahambelana kwisincoko sonke.
• Funa ingxelo eyongezelelekileyo. Emva kokuphumeza iinguqu ezinkulu, ngakumbi ezo zichaphazela ubude kunye nobunzulu besincoko, funa impendulo eyongezelelweyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba uhlaziyo luxhasa imigangatho yemfundo kunye nokujongana ngempumelelo nezimvo zokuqala.
• Cinga ngenkqubo. Camngca ngempendulo nganye kunye nomjikelo wohlaziyo ukuze ubone ukuba utshintsho oluchaphazela njani ukucaca kunye nobude besincoko sakho. Oku kuya kukunceda ukwazi ubugcisa bokubhala okuchanekileyo kwezemfundo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba uyahlangabezana nemilinganiselo yobude besincoko ngelixa uxhasa ubunzulu.

Phucula isincoko sakho ngeenkonzo zethu zobungcali

Njengoko siye saphonononga ubunzima bobude besincoko kuzo zonke izigaba zemfundo kunye nezifundo, kucacile ukuba ukugqwesa ukubhalwa kwesincoko kufuna ukuqonda ezi mfuno zemfundo. Ukukunceda ukuba ugqwese ekulungiseleleni izincoko ezingahlangani nje kuphela kodwa zigqithise le migangatho inzima, sibonelela ngoluhlu olubanzi lweenkonzo eziyilelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba izincoko zakho zakhiwe kakuhle, zandiswa ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye zikumgangatho ophakamileyo wezemfundo. Ngezantsi, kukho iinkonzo ezintathu ezinokuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kwakho kwezemfundo.

Uhlaziyo loxwebhu

Phucula umgangatho kunye nokuchaneka kwezincoko zakho ngenkonzo yethu ebalulekileyo yokuhlaziya uxwebhu. Uhlengahlengiso lwethu ekujoliswe kulo luqinisekisa ukuba isincoko sakho asinaziphoso kuphela kodwa sifutshane kwaye siyanyanzelisa:

• Uphuculo lokuhamba okusengqiqwenit. Ngokucokisa ulwakhiwo kunye nokuyondelelana kwesincoko sakho, siqinisekisa iingxoxo ezisebenzayo nezinamandla—ibalulekile ekugcineni isincoko sakho kubude obufunekayo ngaphandle kokuphinda kuphindaphindwe.
• Izilungiso ezineenkcukacha. Iingcali zijonga ngocoselelo iimpazamo zegrama, zopelo, neziphumlisi, ziqinisekisa umbhalo ophucukileyo ohlangabezana nezikhokelo zobude.
• Ukuphucula ukufundeka. Ngokususa amabinzana angafanelekanga kunye nokwandisa ukucaca, siyakunceda ugqithise izimvo zakho ngendlela emfutshane kodwa esebenzayo, kubalulekile ukunamathela kubalo lwamagama oluchaziweyo.
• Ukucokisa isimbo esinzulu. Abahleli bethu abanezakhono bahlalutya nzulu ulwimi lwesincoko kunye nesakhiwo sakho ukuphucula isimbo sakho sokubhala kunye nokucaca.

Ngokusebenzisa iinkonzo zethu zohlaziyo loxwebhu, isincoko sakho siya kuhlangabezana nemigangatho ephezulu yemfundo kunye neemfuno ezichanekileyo zobude, siqinisekisa intetho ekhazimlisiwe nesebenzayo.

Ukukopa ukukopa kwaye ukususa

Xhasa ingqibelelo kunye nobude obufanelekileyo bezincoko zakho ngobhaqo lwethu oluphambili lokukopa:

• Amanqaku afanayo. Ichonga ngokukhawuleza ukuhambelana kwesicatshulwa kunye nemithombo yangaphandle, kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni imvelaphi. Eli nqaku likunceda ukuba uphephe ukunyusa isincoko sakho ngemathiriyeli ephindiweyo, uqinisekisa ukuba iyahambelana nobude obufunekayo ngokunyanisekileyo.
• Iimetrics zokufumana amanqaku aphezulu. Isebenzisa iimetrikhi ezahlukeneyo ukukhangela iindlela ezifihlakeleyo zokukopa.
• Ukufunyanwa kweelwimi ezininzi. Inkonzo yethu ijonga imibhalo ngeelwimi ezili-129, ibonelela ngengqinisekiso yesiqulatho sehlabathi jikelele. Olu lwazi lubanzi lokubhaqa luqinisekisa ukuba izincoko ziyintsusa kwaye zimfutshane nokuba loluphi ulwimi olusetyenziswayo.

Ukuba kufunyaniswe ukukopa, ungakhetha inkonzo yethu yokususa ukuze uphucule kwaye ulungise umsebenzi wakho:

• Ukuhlela ngokuziphatha. Sihlaziya amacandelo akopiweyo ukuze sixhase intsingiselo yentsusa ngelixa siqinisekisa ukukodwa kunye nokucaphula okufanelekileyo.
• Isiqinisekiso somgangatho. Emva kokuhlela, enye isheke yokukopa iqinisekisa ukuba yonke imiba iyasonjululwa, iqinisekisa ukuba isincoko sakho siyahlangabezana nemigangatho yokuthembeka kunye nobude.

Ukufomatha isicatshulwa

Qinisekisa ubuchule besincoko sakho kunye nokuchaneka ngeenkonzo zethu zokufomatha umbhalo, ukuze kuzuzwe imigangatho ethile yobude besincoko:

• Ukujonga isakhiwo. Iingcali zethu zisebenzisa utshintsho lomkhondo ukucwangcisa ngononophelo uxwebhu lwakho. Ukwakha izahluko kunye namacandelo ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokususa iinxalenye ezingeyomfuneko, kunceda ukugcina isincoko sakho sifutshane. Lo mbutho unenkathalo uqinisekisa ukuba inxalenye nganye yesincoko sakho inegalelo ngokufanelekileyo kwingxoxo iyonke ngaphandle kokwandisa ngokungeyomfuneko.
• Ukujonga ukucaca. Ukuphucula ukucaca kunceda ukuthintela umba oqhelekileyo wesincoko esineverbose esigqitha imida yobude.
• Ukukhangela ireferensi. Isalathiso esifanelekileyo siyimfuneko kungekuphela nje ekuthembekeni kwezemfundo kodwa nakulawulo oluchanekileyo lwesincoko. Sifometha ngokuchanekileyo kwaye sifometha iireferensi zakho ngokwemigangatho emiselweyo yezifundo (APA, MLA, Chicago, njl.). Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba ucaphulo lwakho luchanekile kwaye lunegalelo ngokufanelekileyo kwisincoko sakho esicwangcisiweyo senkcazo-ntetho, ehambelana neemfuno zobude.
• Ukujonga ubume. Abahleli abanobuchule baphucula unikezelo lwesincoko sakho ngokubonelela ngofomatho lwemihlathi olungaguquguqukiyo, ukwenziwa kwamaphepha okufanelekileyo, kunye netheyibhile ehambelanayo yemixholo. Uyilo olucwangciswe kakuhle lungundoqo ekuboniseni ingxoxo yakho ngendlela ecacileyo, ephilileyo, enceda ukunamathela kwimigangatho yobude ngaphandle kokudibanisa okungabalulekanga.

isiphelo

Eli nqaku lichaze iiyantlukwano ezibalulekileyo kubude besincoko kuwo onke amanqanaba emfundo ahlukeneyo kunye nezifundo, liqaqambisa ukubaluleka kokwenza ukubhala kwakho ngokwezifiso ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nezi mfuno zahlukeneyo. Ukubhala isincoko esisebenzayo kudlula nje ukubala amagama-kubandakanya ukwenza igama ngalinye libale kwaye uqinisekise ukuba ukubhala kwakho kunentsingiselo kwaye kunempembelelo. Sebenzisa olu lwazi kwaye usondele kwiprojekthi yakho yokubhala elandelayo ngokuzithemba okuhlaziyiweyo. Injongo yokuhlangabezana nenani lamagama elifunekayo ngelixa usongeza umgangatho onentsingiselo kunye nobunzulu kwizincoko zakho. Cela umngeni ngokwakho ukuba udlule okulindelekileyo kuyo yonke imizamo yemfundo, usebenzisa ukucwangciswa okucokisekileyo kunye nohlalutyo olomeleleyo ukuze uphumelele ukugqwesa. Thatha amanyathelo: Le mayibe ngaphezu kwengcebiso-yenza ibe yintetho yakho yezemfundo. Zabalazela inkqubela, hayi imfezeko. Sebenzisa sonke isincoko njengethuba lokusulungekisa izakhono zakho kwaye utyhale ngaphaya kwesiqhelo, uqinisekisa ukuba isiqwenga ngasinye usibhalayo linyathelo lokufumana ubuchule bokubhala isincoko.