Izicatshulwa, iziqholo zokubhala, zityebisa izicatshulwa ngokongeza ubunzulu, iingxoxo ezixhasayo, nokubonisa iimbono. Esi sikhokelo siphonononga ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngempumelelo kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubhala, ukusuka kuphando lwezifundo ukuya kuhlalutyo loncwadi. Siza kuphonononga ekuqondeni izicatshulwa, ukubaluleka kwazo, kunye nobuchule bobuchule bokucaphula. Funda ukudibanisa ngokulula iikowuti emsebenzini wakho, ukuphepha ukukopa kunye nokuphucula iingxoxo zakho. Eli nqaku linika iingcebiso eziluncedo ekusebenziseni izicatshulwa kwi incoko kwaye uphando, kubandakanywa iifomathi zokucaphula ezichanekileyo kunye nokudibanisa izicatshulwa zokubhala okunempembelelo.
Ukuqonda izicatshulwa: Ubume bazo kunye neentlobo
Ukowuti yinxalenye yesicatshulwa okanye ingxelo ebolekwe kumthombo wangaphandle. Imele amagama angazange adalwe ekuqaleni okanye aqulunqwe ngumbhali ewasebenzisa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iikowuti zinokwahlulwa ngokweendidi ezahlukeneyo:
- Ngqo. Ezi zizicatshulwa zemo yelizwi kwesinye isicatshulwa okanye amagama athethiweyo, aphindaphindwa kanye njengoko avela okanye ebetshiwo.
- Ukungathanga ngqo (ukuchaza). Apha, kunikelwa umongo wesicatshulwa okanye intetho yantlandlolo, kodwa isigama siyatshintshwa ukuze silungele ibali lombhali.
- Ibhlokhi. Isetyenziselwa izicatshulwa ezinde, rhoqo ifomathiwe ngokucacileyo ukusuka kumbhalo oyintloko ukuqaqambisa ubume babo ebolekiweyo.
- Ngokukodwa. Ezi ziziqwenga zomthombo, ezidityaniswe kwisakhiwo sesivakalisi sombhali.
Amagama athi "isicatshulwa" kunye "nocaphulo" ahlala esetyenziswa ngokufanayo, nangona enomahluko omncinci ekusetyenzisweni:
- "caphula" lidla ngokusetyenziswa njengesenzi ukuchaza isenzo sokuthatha okanye ukuphindaphinda amagama komnye umthombo.
- "Ukucaphula" sisibizo esibhekisa kuwona magama athatyathwe kuloo mthombo.
Kule ngxoxo, siza kuphonononga ngakumbi ukuba ezi ntlobo zahlukeneyo zeekowuti zingasetyenziswa njani ngempumelelo ekubhaleni kwakho, kungekuphela nje ukunamathela kwimigangatho yemfundo kodwa nokutyebisa isicatshulwa sakho ngoluhlu lwamazwi kunye neembono ezahlukeneyo.
Njengoko uphonononga iindidi ngeendidi zezicatshulwa, khumbula ukubaluleka koqobo lomsebenzi wakho. Umhloli wethu wokukopa inokunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukubhala kwakho kuhlala kukodwa kwaye kukhululekile ukukopa ngokungeyonjongo, umngcipheko oqhelekileyo xa usebenzisa imithombo yangaphandle. sayina kwaye uzame iqonga lethu ukuxhasa imfezeko yakho kwezemfundo.
Indima ebalulekileyo yezicatshulwa ekubhaleni
Iikowuteshini zibalulekile ekubhaleni ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi eziphambili, ikakhulu ukugcina intembeko ezifundweni ngokuphepha ukukopa. I-Plagiarism, uqheliselo olungafanelekanga lokusebenzisa umsebenzi womnye umntu ngaphandle kokuvunywa ngokufanelekileyo, lunokubangela imiphumo ebuhlungu kwimfundo nasemsebenzini. Nasi isizathu sokuba izicaphulo zibalulekile:
- Ukuthintela ukukopa. Ukucaphula ngokufanelekileyo imithombo yolwazi iqinisekisa ukuba ababhali banikela uzuko ngeengcamango zangaphambili okanye amazwi abanye, ngaloo ndlela behlonela ipropathi enomgangatho wokuqonda.
- Iziphumo zokukopa. Ukungaphumeleli ukucaphula ngokufanelekileyo kunokukhokelela kwimiphumo emibi, njengezohlwayo zemfundo, ukonakala kwesidima, nokulahlekelwa ukuthenjwa.
- Ukwakha ukuthembeka. Ukusebenzisa izicatshulwa ezicatshulwe ngokufanelekileyo kubonisa uphando oluneenkcukacha kwaye kongeza ukuthembeka kumsebenzi wombhali.
- Indlela yokuziphatha yokubhala. Ayingomthetho nje kodwa luqheliselo olusesikweni ekubhaleni oluvuma igalelo labanye abaphengululi okanye imithombo.
Ngokuqonda ukubaluleka kweengcaphuno kunye nokunamathela kwimigaqo yokucaphula, ababhali banokufaka ngempumelelo iingcamango zangaphandle kumsebenzi wabo ngelixa begcina imigangatho yokubhala yokuziphatha.
Ukubhekisa kwikoteyishini
Ukuqonda indlela yereferensi yokucaphula ngokuchanekileyo ngumba oyimfuneko ukubhala kwezemfundo. Iqinisekisa ukuba ababhali bokuqala bafumana ikhredithi efanelekileyo ngomsebenzi wabo kwaye bagcina ukunyaniseka kwenkqubo yokubhala. Izitayile zokucaphula ezahlukeneyo zinemithetho yazo eyodwa kunye neefomathi. Eli candelo liya kukukhokela kwinkqubo yokucaphula usebenzisa iChicago, MLA, kunye nezimbo ze-APA, nganye inemithetho eyahlukeneyo kunye neefomathi ezifanelekileyo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zemfundo.
Isitayela saseChicago
Izicatshulwa zesitayile saseChicago ziqhele ukusetyenziswa kwimbali nakwisayensi yezentlalo. Esi simbo sibonelela ngokuguquguquka ekusebenziseni nokuba kumanqaku asezantsi/amanqaku okugqibela okanye umbhali-mhla wokucaphula okubhaliweyo.
| Iindlela zokubhekisa ku: | Chicago | umzekelo |
| incwadi | Ifani, Igama lokuqala. Isihloko seNcwadi. IsiXeko soPapasho: uMpapashi, unyaka woPapasho. | Johnson, Emily. Umhlaba Wakusasa. ENew York: Ikamva leendaba, ngo-2020. |
| website | Ifani Yombhali, Igama Lokuqala. "Isihloko senqaku." Igama leWebhusayithi. Ukufikeleleka kwiNyanga yoSuku, unyaka. URL | Burroughs, Amy. "I-TCEA 2021: ISithili saseTexas sijongana noKhuseleko ukusuka Ngaphakathi." EdTech Magazine. Ifikeleleke nge-10 ka-Epreli 2023. https://edtechmagazine.com/k12/article/2021/02/tcea-2021-texas-district-tackles-security-inside-out |
| Inqaku lejenali | Um(aba)bhali. "Isihloko senqaku." Isihloko seJenali, uMqulu, iNkupho, unyaka, amaphepha. I-DOI okanye i-URL ukuba ikhona. | Smith, uJohn. "Izinto ezintsha kwiSayensi." Ijenali yeModern Discoveries, vol. 10, hayi. 2, 2021, iphepha 123-145. doi:10.1234/jmd.2021.12345. |
| Ifomathi yokucaphula okubhaliweyo | Imibhalo esemazantsi okanye amanqaku okugqibela asetyenziswa kwisitayile saseChicago. Le fomathi ibandakanya ifani yombhali, isihloko sencwadi okanye inqaku (lishunqulelwe ukuba kukho imfuneko), kunye ne(a)nombolo yephepha. | (USmith, “Utshintsho kwiNzululwazi,” 130). |
Isimbo se-MLA
Isimbo se-MLA songamele eluntwini, ngakumbi kuncwadi, kwiilwimi, nakwizifundo zenkcubeko. Le fomati igxininisa kwisimbo senani lephepha lombhali ngokucaphula okubhaliweyo.
| Iindlela zokubhekisa ku: | MLA | umzekelo |
| incwadi | Ifani, Igama. Isihloko seNcwadi. IsiXeko soPapasho: uMpapashi, uMhla wokuPapasha. | Smith, uJohn. Ihlabathi leRobhothi. ENew York: I-FutureTech Press, ngo-2021. |
| website | Ifani yombhali, Igama lokuqala. "Isihloko senqaku." Igama leWebhusayithi, i-URL. Ufikelelo lweNyanga yoSuku loNyaka. | Burroughs, Amy. "I-TCEA 2021: ISithili saseTexas sijongana noKhuseleko ukusuka Ngaphakathi." Imagazini ye-EdTech, 2021, https://edtechmagazine.com/k12/article/2021/02/tcea-2021-texas-district-tackles-security-inside-out. Ifikeleleke nge-10 ka-Epreli 2023. |
| Inqaku lejenali | Um(aba)bhali. "Isihloko senqaku." Isihloko seJenali, uMqulu, iNkupho, unyaka, amaphepha. DOI | UJohnson, uAlice kunye noMark Lee. "Ukutshintsha kweMozulu kunye nezixeko ezingaseluNxwemeni." Izifundo zokusiNgqongileyo, vol. 22, hayi. 3, 2020, iphepha 101-120. doi:10.1010/es2020.1012. |
| Ifomathi yokucaphula okubhaliweyo | (Inombolo yephepha leGama lokugqibela loMbhali). | Uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lweerobhothi lutshintsha amashishini (uSmith 45). |
APA isitayile
Isimbo se-APA sisetyenziswa ikakhulu kwizengqondo, imfundo, kunye nesayensi ethile. Iqaqambisa ifomathi yomhla wombhali yokucaphula okubhaliweyo.
| Iindlela zokubhekisa ku: | APA | umzekelo |
| incwadi | Ifani yoMbhali, eyokuQala yoMbhali eyokuQala eyokuQala yesiBini yokuQala ukuba ikhona. (Unyaka woPapasho). Isihloko sencwadi. Igama lompapashi. | UWilson, JF (2019). Ukuhlola iCosmos. Upapasho lweStellar. |
| website | Ifani yombhali, Isiqalo sokuqala. (Unyaka, uMhla weNyanga opapashiweyo). Isihloko sephepha lewebhu. Igama lewebhusayithi. URL. | Burroughs, A. (2021, February). I-TCEA 2021: Isithili saseTexas sijongana nokhuseleko ngaphakathi. Imagazini ye-EdTech. Ibuyiselwe ngo-Epreli 10, 2023, ukusuka https://edtechmagazine.com/k12/article/2021/02/tcea-2021-texas-district-tackles-security-inside-out. |
| Inqaku lejenali | Ifani yombhali, Isiqalo sokuqala. Isiqalo esiphakathi (Unyaka). Isihloko. Isihloko seJenali, uMqulu(Issue), uluhlu lwephepha. I-DOI okanye i-URL. | Geake, J. (2008). Iimpawu kwitekhnoloji yemfundo yedijithali. Uphononongo lwezeMfundo, 60 (2), 85-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131880802082518. |
| Ifomathi yokucaphula okubhaliweyo | (Ifani Yombhali, Unyaka Wokupapashwa, p. Inombolo yephepha lekowuti). | Njengoko kuxoxwa nguBrown (2021, p. 115), iteknoloji yedijithali iguqula iindlela zemfundo. |
Ukubhala ngempumelelo kwizifundo, kubalulekile ukubandakanya zombini izicatshulwa ezibhaliweyo kunye noluhlu olupheleleyo lwereferensi ekupheleni koxwebhu. Izicatshulwa ezingaphakathi zidla ngokuvela ekupheleni kwesivakalisi kwaye zibandakanya igama lokugqibela lombhali, unyaka wokupapashwa, kunye nenombolo yephepha (ye-APA) okanye inombolo yephepha kuphela (ye-MLA). Umzekelo, ucaphulo lwe-APA olungaphakathi lunokujongeka ngolu hlobo: (Brown, 2021, p. 115). Isimbo ngasinye sikhokelela umfundi emva kwimithombo yolwazi, evumela ukuphononongwa nzulu komsebenzi oreferensiweyo.
Ukusetyenziswa ngokukuko kweengcaphulo ekubhaleni isincoko
Ukubandakanya iikowuti ekubhaleni isincoko kunokuphucula kakhulu ubunzulu kunye nokusebenza kweengxoxo zakho. Eli candelo liza kuphonononga indlela yokuzisebenzisa ngempumelelo izicatshulwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesincoko esinemihlathi emihlanu.
Izicatshulwa kwiintshayelelo: Ukumisela ithoni
Izicatshulwa kwiintshayelelo zesincoko zisebenza njengamagwegwe atsala umdla. Isicaphulo esikhethwe ngocoselelo sinokubamba umdla wabafundi, sinikeze imboniso yomxholo okanye ingongoma ephambili yesi sincoko.
Umzekelo wesincoko samalungelo abasetyhini:
- Ukuqala ngesicatshulwa sikaMalala Yousafzai esithi, “Asinakuphumelela sonke xa isiqingatha sethu sibambezelekile,” ngoko nangoko ibandakanya umfundi. Le ndlela isebenzayo kwaye ibeka inqanaba lokugxila kwesincoko kumalungelo abasetyhini.
Izicatshulwa kwimihlathi yomzimba: Ukomeleza iingxoxo
Kumzimba wesincoko, izicatshulwa zinokusebenza njengobungqina obunamandla obuxhasa iingxoxo zakho. Zongeza igunya nokuthembeka, ngakumbi xa zithathwe kwiingcali okanye kwimisebenzi ebalulekileyo.
Umzekelo wesincoko sokutshintsha kwemozulu:
- Ukusebenzisa isicatshulwa esivela kwi-climatologist eyaziwayo kwingxoxo malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunokuqinisa kakhulu ingxabano yakho. Kubandakanya isitatimende esinje, "Ubungqina bokutshintsha kwemozulu ngokukhawuleza buyanyanzeliswa," ngusosayensi okhokelayo wongeza ubunzima kunye negunya kumanqaku akho, ezenza ukuba zikholisa ngakumbi Isincoko esiphikisayo.
izicelo ezahlukeneyo kuzo zonke iintlobo zesincoko
Izicatshulwa zinokuba zizixhobo eziguquguqukayo kuzo zonke iindidi zesincoko, ezifana:
- Isincoko esibalisayo. Iingcaphuno zingongeza ubunzulu kunye nembono kumabali obuqu okanye amava.
- Izincoko ezichazayo. Iingcaphuno ezichazayo zinokuphucula iinkcukacha ezibonwayo kunye neemvakalelo kwisincoko.
- Izincoko ezichazayo. Apha, iikowuti zinokubonelela ngenkxaso eyinyani kunye nezimvo zeengcali ukuchaza iikhonsepthi ezinzima.
Khumbula, isitshixo sokucaphula okusebenzayo kukufaneleka kunye nokudibanisa. Qinisekisa ukuba ucaphulo ngalunye olukhethayo luxhasa ngokuthe ngqo kwaye lutyebise umxholo wesincoko sakho, uxhasa ukuhamba komthungo kweengcamango.
Izicatshulwa azikokongeza nje amagama komnye umthombo; zimalunga nokuphucula ngobuchule ibali lakho, ukunika inkxaso enegunya, kunye nokubandakanya umfundi wakho kwasekuqaleni. Ukuqonda ukuba ungazifaka njani ngaphandle komzamo ekubhaleni kwakho kunokunyusa umgangatho wezincoko zakho kakhulu.
Ukusetyenziswa okukwinqanaba eliphezulu kweengcaphuno ekubhaleni
Ukuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeengcaphuno kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo ngokufanelekileyo kubalulekile ekuphuculeni umgangatho kunye nokuthembeka kokubhala kwakho. Eli candelo ligxininisa ekusetyenzisweni okusebenzayo, linikela isikhokelo ngendlela nexesha nexesha lokusetyenziswa kweendidi ezahlukeneyo zengcaphulo ngokufanelekileyo.
Iingcaphulo ezithe ngqo
Ukucaphula ngokuthe ngqo kubandakanya ukuvelisa amagama kanye ngendlela avela ngayo kumthombo wolwazi. Olu hlobo lwengcaphulo luluncedo ekugxininiseni iingongoma ezithile, ukubonisa iingxoxo, okanye ukuhlalutya izibhalo.
Umzekelo kaShakespeare ka “Hamlet” wokugxeka:
- Ukucaphula umgca odumileyo, "Ukuba, okanye ungabikho, ngumbuzo lowo," ukusuka ku "Hamlet" unokugqamisa ukubaluleka kwayo kumdlalo. Le ndlela yokufundisa ibalaselisa ukubaluleka kwesicatshulwa lo gama ikhumbuza ababhali ukuba balungelelanise ezo ngcaphulo nocazululo lwabo lwentsusa.
Ukusebenzisa amanqaku okucaphula
Iikowuteshini ezithe ngqo zidla ngokubekwa kumanqaku okucaphula ukubonisa ukuba zibolekiwe. Iziphumlisi, njengexesha okanye isiphumlisi, zidla ngokuza emva kwesicatshulwa kwizibiyeli.
Umzekelo:
- “Ukwenza impazamo ngumntu; ukuxolela, ubuthixo” (Pope, 1711, p. 525).
Izicatshulwa ezingathanga ngqo (ukuchaza)
Iingcaphulo ezingangqalanga ziquka ukuchaza ngokutsha okanye ukushwankathela umbhalo wantlandlolo. Le ndlela ivumela ababhali ukuba badibanise imathiriyeli yomthombo ngelixa begcina amazwi abo ahlukileyo.
Umzekelo wokuhlaziya ingxelo ka-Albert Einstein:
- Umbhali usenokuyichaza ngenye indlela imbono kaEinstein ngokuthi: “UEinstein wayekholelwa ukuba intelekelelo inendima ebaluleke ngakumbi kunolwazi ekuqhubeni inkqubela. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ezo ngcamango zicatshulweyo zisafuna ukucatshulwa ngokufanelekileyo ukuze unike ikhredithi umthombo wokuqala.
Izicatshulwa kwingxoxo eyintsomi
Ukusebenzisa iikowuti kwincoko eyintsomi bubuchule obuqhelekileyo kuhlalutyo loncwadi. Ibandakanya ukucaphula iincoko phakathi kwabalinganiswa ukuxhasa umxholo okanye uhlalutyo lwabalinganiswa.
Umzekelo wokuhlalutya "Ikratshi kunye noKucalula":
- Kuhlalutyo lukaJane Austen "Ukuzingca kunye nokuKhetha," ecaphula incoko phakathi kuka-Elizabeth Bennet kunye noMnu Darcy ingasetyenziselwa ukuhlola ukuphuhliswa kobudlelwane babo. Le ndlela ibalaselisa amaxesha angundoqo kunye nokutshintsha kwesimilo kwibali.
Uhlobo ngalunye lwesicatshulwa luphumeza injongo ekhethekileyo yokubhala. Izicatshulwa ezithe ngqo zibalaselisa iingongoma ezithile, iikowuteshini ezingathanga ngqo zidibanisa imithombo yolwazi ngokutyibilikayo, kwaye iikowuteshini zengxoxo zizisa uhlalutyo loncwadi ebomini. Ukuqonda ezi yantlukwano kuya kukunceda ukuba usebenzise izicatshulwa ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi ekubhaleni kwakho.
Imizekelo yezicaphulo
Iikowuteshini, ezithathwe kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo efana neencwadi, amanqaku emfundo, okanye amaxwebhu asemthethweni, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekutyebiseni amaphepha ophando kunye nezincoko zohlalutyo. Banika ubungqina nobunzulu kwiingxoxo ezinikelwayo. Nantsi eminye imizekelo yendlela izicatshulwa ezinokusetyenziswa ngempumelelo ngayo:
- Ukuxhasa iingxoxo kwizincoko. Kwisincoko esixoxa ngefuthe letekhnoloji eluntwini, umfundi unokubandakanya isicatshulwa esivela kuSteve Jobs: “Inguqulelo entsha yahlula phakathi kwenkokeli kunye nomlandeli.” Esi sicatshulwa sinokuxhasa ingxoxo malunga nendima yokwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha kubunkokeli nakwinkqubela phambili yoluntu.
- Izicatshulwa kuhlalutyo loncwadi. Ukuhlalutya iklasikhi efana noCharlotte Brontë's "Jane Eyre," umbhali unokusebenzisa isicatshulwa ukugqamisa amandla omlinganiswa oyintloko. Umzekelo: "Andiyontaka, kwaye akukho mnatha ondibambisileyo: Ndingumntu okhululekileyo nonentando ezimeleyo." Esi sicatshulwa sinceda ukuvavanya umlingiswa kaJane kunye nemixholo yenoveli yenkululeko nokuzimela.
- Ukusebenzisa izicatshulwa ngaphakathi kwesicatshulwa. Xa ababhali befaka iingcaphulo kwisicatshulwa sabo, maxa wambi basebenzisa iimpawu zocaphulo olunye xa becaphula kwisicatshulwa. Ngokomzekelo, xa ehlalutya intetho ethile engokwembali, umbhali usenokucaphula oku: “Inkokeli yathi, ‘Siza kulwa elunxwemeni,’ ivuselela umoya wesizwe. Amanqaku okucaphula omnye apha abonisa isicatshulwa esithe ngqo kwibali elikhulu.
Le mizekelo ibonisa indlela izicaphulo ezinokudityaniswa ngayo ekubhaleni ukunika inkxaso, ubunzulu, nokucaca kwiingxoxo nocazululo ezahlukeneyo. Ngokukhetha ngocoselelo nasekudibaniseni iingcaphulo, ababhali banokuphucula impumelelo nobutyebi bomsebenzi wabo.
isiphelo
| Izicatshulwa zingaphezu kwamagama abolekiweyo; zisisixhobo esinamandla kuluhlu lwezixhobo zombhali. Ukususela ekuphuculeni iingxoxo kwizincoko ukuya ekuphuculeni uhlalutyo loncwadi, izicatshulwa ziphefumlela ubomi kumsebenzi obhalwayo. Esi sikhokelo siye saphonononga ihlabathi leekowuti, ukusuka kubume bazo obusisiseko ukuya kubuchule bazo bokusetyenziswa kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubhala. Ngokuqonda iziphumo ezisesikweni zokucaphula kunye nobuchule bokucaphula, ababhali banokuwukhuthaza umsebenzi wabo, baphephe ukukopa, kwaye babandakanye abafundi babo nzulu ngakumbi. Enoba isetyenziselwa ukweyisela, ukubonisa, okanye ukuchaza, izicatshulwa, xa zihlanganiswe ngobuchule, ziyawutyebisa ngokuphawulekayo umgangatho wentetho ebhaliweyo. Yenza okona kulungileyo ukuguquguquka kweengcaphulo kwaye ubone utshintsho oluhle kwiiprojekthi zakho zokubhala. |
