Uhlalutyo lwamanani: Isikhokelo senyathelo nenyathelo

Wamkelekile kuphononongo lwakho lohlalutyo lwamanani, isixhobo esisisiseko esisetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ezifana nesayensi, ezoqoqosho, kunye nenzululwazi yezentlalo. Yenzelwe abafundi kunye nabaphandi, eli nqaku likukhokela ngokusebenzisa le migaqo ukuqonda idatha enzima kunye nokuphucula iinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo. Ukuqonda ezi zakhono kuya kuphucula impilo yakho uphando amandla, okukuvumela ukuba wenze uphando olunzulu kwaye uphuhlise izigqibo ezibalulekileyo.

Siza kukuhamba ngamanyathelo asisiseko abandakanyekayo kuhlalutyo lwamanani-ukusuka ekuqulunqeni uqikelelo kunye nokucwangcisa eyakho uphando ukuqokelela idatha, ukwenza uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha, kunye nokutolika iziphumo. Injongo kukuphelisa iindlela zobalo kwaye kukuxhobise ngolwazi lokusebenzisa ngokuzithemba obu buchule kwiinzame zakho zemfundo kunye nobungcali.

Fumanisa ukuba uhlalutyo lwamanani lunokuvula njani ukuqonda kwaye luqhubele phambili uphando lwakho!

Ukuqonda nokusebenzisa uhlalutyo lwamanani

Uhlalutyo lwamanani luphononongo olucwangcisiweyo lwedatha ukuchonga iintsingiselo, iipateni, kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kolwazi lobuninzi. Le nkqubo ibalulekile ekuthathweni kwezigqibo ezinolwazi kunye nesicwangciso sobuchule esisebenzayo kumacandelo ngamacandelo, kubandakanywa nezemfundo, urhulumente kunye noshishino. Nantsi indlela onokulujonga ngayo uhlalutyo lwamanani:

• Ukucwangciswa kunye nokuchazwa kwe-hypothesis. Cacisa ngokucacileyo uqikelelo lwakho kwaye uyile isifundo sakho ngokuthathela ingqalelo ubungakanani besampulu kunye neendlela zesampulu ukuqinisekisa izigqibo ezomeleleyo nezithembekileyo.
• Ukuqokelelwa kwedatha kunye neenkcukacha-manani ezichazayo. Ukulungelelanisa kunye nokushwankathela idatha usebenzisa izibalo ezichazayo linyathelo lokuqala lokuhlalutya emva kokuqokelela idatha. Eli nyathelo ligxininisa ukuthambekela okuphakathi kunye nokuhluka phakathi kwedatha.
• Amanani-nkcazo angenantsingiselo. Eli nqanaba lisebenzisa izigqibo ukusuka kwisampulu ukuya kubantu abaninzi. Ibandakanya uvavanyo lwe-hypothesis kunye neendlela zokubala ukukhetha ukubaluleka kwezibalo zeziphumo.
• Ukutolikwa kunye nokudibanisa ngokubanzi. Inyathelo lokugqibela libandakanya ukutolika idatha kunye nokulungelelanisa iziphumo kwimixholo ebanzi. Oku kubandakanya ukuxoxa ngeziphumo zeziphumo kunye nokuphakamisa imiyalelo yophando lwexesha elizayo.

Uhlalutyo lwamanani luphakamisa amandla ombutho kunye nophando, ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwizigqibo zomgaqo-nkqubo, uphuhliso lwemveliso, kunye nokuphuculwa kwenkqubo. Njengoko indima yedatha kwiinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo ikhula, ukubaluleka kohlalutyo lwamanani kuyanda. Esi sikhokelo sijolise ekunikeni isiseko esiluqilima sokusebenzisa ezi zakhono zibalulekileyo.

Iingcamango eziphosakeleyo eziqhelekileyo kuhlalutyo lwamanani

Nangona inamandla amakhulu, uhlalutyo lwamanani luhlala luxhomekeke kwiingcamango eziphosakeleyo ngokubanzi. Ukucacisa oku kunokuphucula kakhulu ukuchaneka nokuthembeka kokutolika kophando. Nazi ezinye zeendlela zokungaqondi kakuhle kuhlalutyo lwamanani:

• Ukutolikwa gwenxa kwe-p-values. I-p-value kaninzi ayiqondwa njengento enokwenzeka ukuba i-hypothesis engekhoyo iyinyani. Enyanisweni, ilinganisa ukuba nokwenzeka kokujonga idatha njengento egqithisileyo, okanye egqithise kakhulu, kunokuba, into ebonwe ngokwenene, ukwamkela i-hypothesis engekhoyo ichanekile. Ixabiso elincinci le-p libonisa ukuba idatha enjalo ayinakwenzeka ukuba i-hypothesis engekhoyo iyinyani, ekhokelela ekukhatyweni kwayo. Nangona kunjalo, ayilinganisi ukuba nokwenzeka kwe-hypothesis ngokwayo ukuba yinyani.
• Ukudideka phakathi kolungelelwaniso kunye nonobangela. Impazamo enye eqhelekileyo kuhlalutyo lwamanani kukucinga ukuba ulungelelwaniso luthetha unobangela. Kungenxa yokuba iinguqu ezimbini zihambelana akuthethi ukuba enye ibangela enye. Unxulumano lunokuvela kuguquguquko lwesithathu oluchaphazela zombini okanye kolunye unxulumano olungenasizathu. Ukuseka i-causation kufuna imifuniselo elawulwayo okanye iindlela zamanani ezenzelwe ukulawula ezinye izinto.
• Iingcamango ezingezizo malunga nokubaluleka kwamanani kunye nobukhulu besiphumo. Ukubaluleka kweenkcukacha-manani akuthethi ukuba kubalulekile. Isiphumo sinokubaluleka ngokweenkcukacha-manani kodwa sibe nobungakanani besiphumo sincinci kangangokuba singabinaxabiso lisebenzisekayo. Ngokuchaseneyo, isiphumo sobalo-manani esingabalulekanga asithethi ukuba akukho siphumo; kunokuthetha ukuba ubungakanani besampulu babuncinci kakhulu ukubona isiphumo. Ukuqonda ubungakanani besiphumo kunika ukuqonda ngokubaluleka kwempembelelo, ebalulekileyo ekuhloleni iziphumo ezibonakalayo zeziphumo.

Ngokujongana nale mibono iphosakeleyo kwangethuba kuphononongo lohlalutyo lwamanani, unokunqanda imigibe eqhelekileyo enokukhokelela kwizigqibo ezingachanekanga okanye ukutolikwa gwenxa kwedatha. Uhlalutyo lwamanani, xa luqondwa kwaye lusetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo, lunokuphucula kakhulu ukunyaniseka kunye nefuthe leziphumo zophando lwakho.

Ubuchule bobalo bezinga eliphezulu

Njengoko intsimi yohlalutyo lwamanani iqhubela phambili, iintlobo ngeentlobo zeendlela eziphambili ziye zabaluleka kubaphandi abajongana neeseti zedatha ezinkulu kunye nemibuzo entsonkothileyo. Eli candelo linika umbono ocacileyo wezi ndlela, liqaqambisa usetyenziso lwazo lwehlabathi lokwenyani kunye noncedo:

Uhlalutyo lwe-multivariate

Uhlalutyo lwe-Multivariate luvumela ukuhlolwa kweenguqu ezininzi ngaxeshanye ukutyhila ubudlelwane kunye neempembelelo phakathi kwabo. Ubuchule obuqhelekileyo bubandakanya ukuguqulwa kwezinto ezininzi, uhlalutyo lwezinto, kunye ne-MANOVA (Uhlalutyo lwe-Multivariate of Variance). Ezi ndlela ziluncedo ngokukodwa kwiimeko apho izinto ezahlukeneyo zichaphazela ukuguquguquka okuxhomekeke kuyo, njengokufunda impembelelo yeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuthengisa ekuziphatheni kwabathengi. Ukuqonda olu budlelwane kunokukunceda ukuba uchonge ezona zinto zinempembelelo kwaye ulungelelanise izicwangciso ngokufanelekileyo.

Ii-algorithms zokufunda koomatshini kuhlalutyo lwedatha

Ukufunda ngoomatshini kuphucula iindlela zobalo zemveli kunye ne-algorithms eyilelwe ukuqikelela kunye nokuhlelwa kwedatha. Oku kuquka ubuchule bokufunda obugadwayo obufana nokubuyisela umva kunye nemithi yokuhlelwa, elungele ukuqikelela ingeniso yabathengi okanye ukuhlela ii-imeyile njengogaxekile okanye ezingezo-spam. Iindlela zokufunda ezingajongwanga ezifana nokudibanisa kunye nohlalutyo lwecandelo eliphambili zilungile ekufumaneni iipatheni kwidatha. Ngokomzekelo, banokudibanisa abathengi ngokuthenga imikhwa ngaphandle kweendidi ezimiselweyo.

Imodeli ye-equation yesakhiwo (SEM)

I-SEM bubuchule bokubalo obunamandla obuvavanya ingqikelelo malunga nobudlelwane phakathi kwezinto ezibonwayo nezifihlakeleyo. Idibanisa uhlalutyo lwezinto kunye nokuhlehla okuphindaphindiweyo, okwenza kube namandla okuhlalutya ubudlelwane be-causal obunzima, njengokuqonda indlela ukwaneliseka kwabathengi (inguqu efihliweyo engalinganiswanga ngokuthe ngqo) ichaphazela ukuziphatha kokunyaniseka. I-SEM isetyenziswa kakhulu kwisayensi yezentlalo, ukuthengisa, kunye neesayikholoji ukwenza imodeli yonxibelelwano olunzima lobudlelwane.

Uhlalutyo lwexesha

Uhlalutyo lwenkqubo yexesha lubalulekile ekuhlalutyeni amanqaku edatha aqokelelwe ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukunceda ukuqikelela iintsingiselo zexesha elizayo kwiipatheni zangaphambili. Le ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiimarike zezemali ukuqikelela amaxabiso esitokhwe, kwimeteorology ukuqikelela utshintsho lwemozulu, nakuqoqosho ukuqikelela imisebenzi yezoqoqosho yexesha elizayo. Ubuchwephesha obufana neemodeli ze-ARIMA kunye nokuqhekeka kwamaxesha onyaka kunceda ukulawula iipateni ezahlukeneyo kunye notshintsho lwexesha kwidatha.

Ukuqonda nokusebenzisa obu buchule buphambili kufuna isiseko esiluqilima kwithiyori yamanani kwaye kaninzi kusetyenziswe izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zesoftware. Kucetyiswa ukuba abaphandi benze uqeqesho oluneenkcukacha kwaye, apho kunokwenzeka, basebenzisane neengcali manani. Le ndlela yokubambisana inokuphucula kakhulu ubunzima kunye nokuchaneka kweziphumo zophando lwakho.

Ukuqulunqa iingqikelelo kunye nokuyila uphando

Ukwakha kubuchule beenkcukacha-manani obuphezulu obuxoxiwe ngaphambili, eli candelo likukhokelela ekusebenziseni kwabo okusebenzayo kwizicwangciso zophando ezicwangcisiweyo. Ukusuka ekusebenziseni uhlalutyo lwemultivariate kuyilo lovavanyo ukuya ekusebenziseni umatshini wokufunda i-algorithms yokuhlalutya idatha yonxibelelaniso, siza kuphonononga indlela yokulungelelanisa uyilo lwakho lophando kunye nezixhobo zobalo zohlalutyo olusebenzayo. Uya kufunda indlela yokuqulunqa iingqikelelo kunye nolwakhiwo uyilo lophando oluhambelana neenjongo zakho, uqinisekise ukuba idatha oyiqokelelayo ifanelekile kwaye yomelele.

Ukubhala uqikelelo lwamanani

Ukubhala ucingelo lwamanani linyathelo elibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yophando, libeka isiseko sophando olucwangcisiweyo. Iingqikelelo zicebisa iinkcazo ezinokubakho okanye uqikelelo olunokuthi luvavanywe ngokwesayensi kwaye luvela kumbuzo wophando kunye nophononongo lwangasemva. Ngokuchaza ngokucacileyo zombini ii-hypotheses ezingenanto kunye nezinye, abaphandi babeka isakhelo sokuvavanya ukuba idatha yabo iyayixhasa okanye iyakuchasa uqikelelo lwabo lokuqala. Nantsi indlela ezi ngqikelelo eziqhele ukwakhiwa ngayo:

• Ucingelo olungelulo (H0). Icinga ukuba akukho siphumo okanye umahluko, kwaye ivavanywa ngokuthe ngqo. Yingcinga esemgangathweni yokuba akukho budlelwane phakathi kwezinto ezimbini ezilinganisiweyo.
• Enye ingqikelelo (H1). Ibeka isiphumo, umahluko, okanye ubudlelwane, kwaye yamkelwe xa i-hypothesis engekhoyo yaliwe.

Le ndlela ye-hypothesis ezimbini inceda ekumiseni iimvavanyo zeenkcukacha-manani kunye nokugcina ukungathathi ntweni kuphando ngokumisela iinqobo zokugweba ezithile, ezibalulekileyo kwimfezeko kunye nokunyaniseka kweziphumo.

Imizekelo yeengqikelelo zovavanyo kunye nezifundo zonxibelelaniso:

• Ucingelo olungelulo (lovavanyo). Ukwazisa umthambo wokuqonda imihla ngemihla emsebenzini awuyi kuba nefuthe kumanqanaba oxinzelelo lwabasebenzi. • Enye ingqikelelo (yovavanyo). Ukwazisa umthambo wokuqonda imihla ngemihla emsebenzini kunciphisa amanqanaba oxinzelelo lwabasebenzi. • I-null hypothesis (i-correlational). Akukho budlelwane phakathi kwexesha lokuziqhelanisa nengqiqo kunye nomgangatho wokulinganisa ubomi bomsebenzi phakathi kwabasebenzi. • Enye ingqikelelo (yonxulumano). Ubude bexesha elide lokuziqhelanisa nengqiqo lunxulunyaniswa nobomi obungcono bokusebenza phakathi kwabasebenzi.

Ukucwangcisa uyilo lwakho loPhando

Uyilo oluluqilima lophando lubalulekile kulo naluphi na uphononongo, lukhokela indlela idatha eqokelelwa ngayo kwaye ihlalutywe ukuze kuqinisekiswe iingqikelelo zakho. Ukhetho loyilo-nokuba luchaza, lunxibelelene, okanye luvavanya-luchaphazela kakhulu iindlela zokuqokelela idatha kunye nobuchule bokuhlalutya obusetyenzisiweyo. Kubalulekile ukungqamanisa uyilo kwiinjongo zesifundo sakho ukujongana ngempumelelo nemibuzo yophando lwakho, kwaye kubaluleke ngokulinganayo ukuqonda iindlela ezithile eziya kusetyenziswa xa usenza.

Uhlobo ngalunye loyilo lophando lunendima ethile, nokuba kukuvavanya izimvo, ukuphanda iintsingiselo, okanye ukuchaza iziganeko ngaphandle kokucebisa ubudlelwane besizathu kunye nesiphumo. Ukwazi umahluko phakathi kolu yilo lungundoqo ekukhetheni eyona ilungileyo kwiimfuno zakho zophando. Nazi iintlobo zoyilo lophando:

• Uyilo lovavanyo. Vavanya unobangela-kunye-nesiphumo sobudlelwane ngokulawula iinguqu kunye nokujonga iziphumo.
• Uyilo oluhambelanayo. Phonononga ubudlelwane obunokubakho phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo ngaphandle kokuzitshintsha, ukunceda ekuchongeni iintsingiselo okanye unxulumano.
• Uyilo oluchazayo. Chaza iimpawu zabemi okanye isenzeko ngaphandle kokuzama ukuseka ubudlelwane besizathu kunye nesiphumo.

Emva kokukhetha indlela eqhelekileyo kuphando lwakho, kubalulekile ukuqonda iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa ezichaza indlela onokulungiselela ngayo kwaye uqhube isifundo sakho kumgangatho osebenzayo. Ezi ndlela zichaza indlela abathathi-nxaxheba abahlanganiswa ngayo kwaye bahlalutywe, okubalulekileyo ekufezekiseni iziphumo ezichanekileyo nezichanekileyo ngokoyilo olukhethileyo. Apha, sichaza ezinye iintlobo zoyilo olusisiseko ezisetyenzisiweyo ngaphakathi kwezicwangciso zophando olubanzi:

• Uyilo phakathi kwezifundo. Uthelekisa amaqela ahlukeneyo abathathi-nxaxheba abaphantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo. Kuluncedo ngakumbi ukujonga ukuba unyango olwahlukeneyo luwachaphazela njani amaqela ahlukeneyo, lusenza ukuba lulungele izifundo apho ukusebenzisa iimeko ezifanayo kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kungenzeki.
• Uyilo lwangaphakathi kwizifundo. Ivumela abaphandi ukuba baqwalasele iqela elifanayo labathathi-nxaxheba phantsi kwazo zonke iimeko. Olu luyilo lunenzuzo yokuhlalutya utshintsho kwixesha okanye emva kokungenelela okuthe ngqo phakathi kwabantu abafanayo, ukunciphisa ukuhluka okuvela kwiiyantlukwano phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba.
• Uyilo oluxutyiweyo. Udibanisa imiba yoyilo phakathi kunye nangaphakathi kwezifundo, ebonelela ngohlalutyo olubanzi kuzo zonke izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye neemeko.

Imizekelo yezicelo zoyilo lophando:

Ukubonisa indlela olu yilo olusebenza ngayo kuphando lwehlabathi lokwenyani, qwalasela ezi zicelo zilandelayo: • Uyilo lovavanyo. Cwangcisa isifundo apho abasebenzi bathatha inxaxheba kwiprogram yengqondo, ukulinganisa amanqanaba abo oxinzelelo ngaphambi nangemva kweprogram ukuvavanya impembelelo yayo. Oku kuhambelana nengqikelelo yovavanyo malunga namanqanaba oxinzelelo. • Uyilo lonxulumano. Uvavanyo lwabasebenzi bexesha lokuziqhelanisa nemihla ngemihla kwaye banxibelelanise oku kunye nebhalansi yabo yobomi bomsebenzi abazixelayo ukuze baphonononge iipateni. Oku kuhambelana ne-hypothesis ehambelanayo malunga nobude bengqondo kunye nebhalansi yobomi bomsebenzi.

Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba inyathelo ngalinye lokucwangcisa kwakho liqwalaselwa ngokucokisekileyo, uqinisekisa ukuba ukuqokelela kwedatha elandelayo, ukuhlalutya, kunye nezigaba zokutolika zakhiwe kwisiseko esiqinileyo, esihambelana ngokusondeleyo neenjongo zakho zophando lokuqala.

Ukuqokelela idatha yesampulu yohlalutyo lwamanani

Emva kokuphonononga ubuchule bamanani kunye nokucwangcisa uphando lwakho, ngoku sisondela kwinqanaba elibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yophando: ukuqokelelwa kwedatha. Ukukhetha isampuli efanelekileyo kubalulekile, njengoko ixhasa ukuchaneka kunye nokusebenza kohlalutyo lwakho. Eli nqanaba aligcini nje ngokuxhasa ingqikelelo eyenziwe ngaphambili kodwa likwabeka isiseko salo lonke uhlahlelo olulandelayo, oko kwenza ukuba kube yimfuneko ekuveliseni iziphumo ezithembekileyo nezisebenza ngokubanzi.

Iindlela zesampulu

Ukukhetha indlela efanelekileyo yesampulu kubalulekile kwimfezeko yeziphumo zophando lwakho. Makhe sihlolisise iindlela ezimbini eziphambili, nganye inezibonelelo kunye nemingeni eyahlukileyo:

• Isampulu enokwenzeka. Le ndlela iqinisekisa lonke ilungu labemi ithuba elilinganayo lokukhetha, ukunciphisa ukukhetha kunye nokuphucula ukumelwa kwesampulu. Ikhethwa kwizifundo apho ukufezekiswa ngokubanzi kubemi abaninzi kubalulekile. Le ndlela ixhasa uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani oluluqilima ngokuqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo zinokwandiswa ngokuthembekileyo kubemi ngokubanzi.
• Iisampulu ezingenakwenzeka. Le ndlela ibandakanya ukukhetha abantu ngokusekelwe kwiikhrayitheriya ezingaqhelekanga, ezifana nokulula okanye ukufumaneka. Ngelixa le ndlela ingabizi kakhulu, isenokungaboneleli ngesampulu yommeli wabantu bonke, enokuthi iveze ucalucalulo olunokuchaphazela iziphumo zophononongo.

Nangona kukho ucalucalulo olunokwenzeka, iisampulu ezingenzekiyo zihlala zixabisekile, ngakumbi xa ukufikelela kubantu bonke kungumngeni okanye xa iinjongo zophando zingadingi kujongwa ngokubanzi ngokubanzi. Ukuqonda ngokufanelekileyo ixesha kunye nendlela yokusetyenziswa le ndlela kubalulekile ukuphepha ukusetyenziswa kakubi kunye nokutolikwa ngendlela engeyiyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo ezifikelelweyo zinyanisekile kwimeko echaziweyo.

Ukuphumeza izicwangciso ezisebenzayo zesampulu zohlalutyo lwamanani

Iisampulu esebenzayo ibhalansisa ukufumaneka kwesixhobo kunye nesidingo sesampulu eyomeleleyo, emele:

• Ubukho bezibonelelo. Jonga ukuba zeziphi na izibonelelo kunye nenkxaso onayo, njengoko oku kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba ungasebenzisa iindlela zokufumana abantu abaninzi okanye ukuba kufuneka uthembele kwiindlela ezilula nezingabizi kakhulu.
• Iyantlukwano yabemi. Zama isampuli ebonisa iyantlukwano yabemi bebonke ukuze kuphuculwe ukuqinisekiswa kwangaphandle, ngakumbi kubalulekile kwiisethingi ezahlukeneyo.
• Iindlela zokugaya abasebenzi. Khetha iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokubandakanya abathathi-nxaxheba abanokubakho, abanje ngeentengiso zedijithali, intsebenziswano namaziko emfundo, okanye ukufikelela eluntwini, kuxhomekeke kwindawo ekujoliswe kuyo.

Ukuqinisekisa ukwanela kwesampulu kuhlalutyo lwamanani

Ngaphambi kokuba ugqibezele abathathi-nxaxheba bakho, qinisekisa ukuba ubungakanani besampulu yakho yanele ukunika amandla athembekileyo ezibalo:

• Izibali zobungakanani besampulu. Sebenzisa izixhobo ze-intanethi ukufumanisa ukuba bangaphi abathathi-nxaxheba obadingayo, ngokuqwalasela ubungakanani obulindelekileyo besiphumo ufundayo, ufuna ukuzithemba kangakanani kwiziphumo zakho, kunye nenqanaba lokuqinisekisa elikhethiweyo, elihlala libekwe kwi-5%. Ezi zixhobo zihlala zifuna ukuba ufake uqikelelo lobungakanani besiphumo kwizifundo zangaphambili okanye iimvavanyo zokuqala.
• Ukulungelelanisa ukuguquguquka. Ukuba uphononongo lwakho lubandakanya amacandelwana amaninzi okanye uyilo oluntsonkothileyo, phendula ngokungafaniyo phakathi naphakathi kwamaqela xa ukhetha ubungakanani besampulu efunekayo. Ukwahluka okuphezulu kuhlala kufuna iisampuli ezinkulu ukubona iziphumo ezichanekileyo ngokuchanekileyo.

Usetyenziso lwehlabathi lokwenyani lweendlela zesampulu

Ukulungelelanisa neengxoxo zangaphambili kuyilo lophando, nantsi imizekelo esebenzayo yesampulu yezicelo:

• Isampulu yovavanyo. Uphononongo oluvavanya imiphumo yokuzivocavoca kwengqondo kumanqanaba oxinzelelo lwabasebenzi lubandakanya abasebenzi abavela kumasebe amaninzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba isampuli ibonisa uluhlu lweendima zemisebenzi kunye namanqanaba aphezulu. Le yantlukwano inceda ekwenzeni okufunyanisiweyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomsebenzi kuhlahlelo lwamanani. • Iisampulu zonxulumano. Ukuphonononga ikhonkco phakathi kwexesha lokuziphatha kwengqondo kunye nokulinganisa ubomi bomsebenzi, sebenzisa amaqonga eendaba ezentlalo ukujolisa abantu abasebenzisa ingqondo rhoqo. Le ndlela iququzelela ukubandakanyeka kwabathathi-nxaxheba ngokufanelekileyo nangokufanelekileyo.

Shwankathela idatha yakho ngezibalo ezichazayo

Emva kokuba uqokelele idatha yakho, inyathelo elilandelayo elibalulekileyo kukucwangcisa kwaye ushwankathele usebenzisa izibalo ezichazayo. Eli nqanaba lenza lula idatha ekrwada, iyenze ilungele uhlalutyo olunzulu lweenkcukacha-manani.

Ukujonga idatha yakho

Okokuqala, vavanya idatha yakho ukuze ubambe usasazo lwayo kwaye uchonge naziphi na izinto zangaphandle, okubalulekileyo ekukhetheni iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuhlalutya:

• Iitafile zokuhambisa rhoqo. Dwelisa ukuba ixabiso ngalinye livela kangaphi, elinceda ekuchongeni iimpendulo eziqhelekileyo okanye ezinqabileyo, njengokuphindaphindwa kwamanqanaba athile oxinzelelo phakathi kwabasebenzi kuphononongo lwethu lokuqonda.
• Iitshathi zebar. Iluncedo ekuboniseni ukuhanjiswa kwedatha yecategorical, umzekelo, amasebe abandakanyekayo kuphononongo lwengqondo.
• Ukusasaza amabali. Ezi zicwangciso zinokugqamisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo, ezifana nekhonkco phakathi kwexesha lokuziqhelanisa nengqiqo kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo.

Olu hlolo lunceda ukufumanisa ukuba idata yakho iqhelekile okanye isasazwe ngendlela egwenxa, ikhokela ukhetho lwakho lokulandela iimvavanyo zamanani.

Ukubala amanyathelo okuthambekela okuphakathi

Ezi metrics zibonelela ngezimvo kumaxabiso asembindini wedatha yakho:

• ifashoni. Elona xabiso lihlala lisenzeka. Ngokomzekelo, inqanaba eliqhelekileyo lokunciphisa uxinzelelo olubonwa kubathathi-nxaxheba.
• Median. Ixabiso eliphakathi kuxa onke amanqaku edatha abekwe kwindawo. Oku kuluncedo, ngakumbi ukuba idatha yakho igqwethiweyo.
• Ithetha. Ixabiso eliphakathi linokunika umboniso wamanqanaba oxinzelelo kwangaphambili kunye neeseshoni zokucinga.

Imilinganiselo yokubala yokuguquguquka

Ezi nkcukacha-manani zichaza ukuba idata yakho yahluka kangakanani:

• uluhlu. Ibonisa ubude ukusuka kwelona xabiso lisezantsi ukuya kwelona xabiso liphezulu, libonisa ukuguquguquka ekusebenzeni kwengqondo.
• Uluhlu lwe-Interquartile (IQR). Ibamba umbindi we-50% yedatha yakho, ibonelela ngomfanekiso ocacileyo wotyekelo oluphakathi.
• Ukutenxa okusemgangathweni kunye nokwahluka. La manyathelo abonisa indlela amanqaku edatha aphambuke ngayo kwintsingiselo, eluncedo ekuqondeni ukuhluka kwiziphumo zokunciphisa uxinzelelo.

Imizekelo yeenkcukacha-manani ezichazayo ezisetyenziswayo

Ukubonisa indlela ezi nkcukacha-manani ezisetyenziswa ngayo:

• Isetingi yovavanyo. Khawucinge ukuba uqokelele amanqaku ovavanyo lwangaphambi kovavanyo kunye nasemva kovavanyo lwabasebenzi abafumana uqeqesho lokuqonda. Ukubala intsingiselo kunye nokutenxa okusemgangathweni kunceda ukuseta utshintsho kumanqanaba oxinzelelo ngaphambi nangemva kwenkqubo:

Imilinganiselo	Inqaku loxinzelelo	Ukusuka kumngangatho
Uvavanyo lwaphambi kovavanyo	68.4	9.4
Emva kovavanyo	75.2	9.8

Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuhla koxinzelelo, ukucinga ukuba amanqaku aphezulu abonisa uxinzelelo oluphantsi. Umahluko uthelekiso kunokuqinisekisa ukubaluleka kolu tshintsho.

• Isifundo sonxulumano. Xa uvavanya ubudlelwane phakathi kwexesha lokuziqhelanisa nengqiqo kunye nokuba sempilweni, uya kuhlalutya ukuba ezi ziguquguqukayo zinxibelelana njani:

inkcazelo	ixabiso
Ubude bexesha lokuziqhelanisa	Imizuzu eli-62 ngeseshoni nganye
Amanqaku akwi-avareji yokuphila kakuhle	3.12 ngaphandle kwe5
I-Coefficient yokunxibelelana	Kuya kubalwa

Le ndlela icacisa amandla obudlelwane phakathi kwexesha lokuziqhelanisa kunye nokuphila kakuhle.

Ngokushwankathela ngempumelelo idatha yakho, ubeka isiseko esomeleleyo sohlalutyo olongezelelweyo lwamanani, ukuququzelela izigqibo eziqondayo malunga nemibuzo yophando lwakho.

Hlalutya idatha yakho ngeenkcukacha-manani ezingenangqiqo

Emva kokushwankathela idatha yakho ngeenkcukacha-manani ezichazayo, inyathelo elilandelayo kukwenza izigqibo malunga nabemi abaninzi usebenzisa amanani-manani angenantsingiselo. Eli nqanaba livavanya iingqikelelo ezenziwe ngexesha lesigaba socwangciso lophando kwaye linzulu uhlalutyo lwamanani.

Uvavanyo lwengqikelelo kunye nokwenza uqikelelo

Iinkcukacha-manani zivumela abaphandi ukuba baqikelele iimpawu zabemi ngokusekwe kwisampulu yedatha. Iindlela eziphambili ziquka:

• Uqikelelo. Ukwenza uqikelelo olufundisiweyo malunga neeparamitha zabemi, ezichazwa ngolu hlobo:
  • Uqikelelo lwamanqaku. Amaxabiso omnye amele iparameter, njengenqanaba loxinzelelo oluphakathi.
  • Uqikelelo lwesithuba. Uluhlu lunokubandakanya iparameter, ukunika isithinteli sempazamo kunye nokungaqiniseki.
• Uvavanyo lwe-hypothesis. Uvavanyo loqikelelo malunga neziphumo zabemi ngokusekelwe kwidatha yesampulu. Oku kuqala ngenkolelo yokuba akukho siphumo sikhoyo (i-null hypothesis) kwaye isebenzisa iimvavanyo zamanani ukubona ukuba oku kungakhatywa na ngenxa yesiphumo esibonwayo (i-hypothesis engenye).

Ubaluleko lweenkcukacha-manani luvavanya ukuba ngaba iziphumo zinokwenzeka ukuba zibangelwe ngamabona-ndenzile. I-p-value engaphantsi kwe-0.05 ibonisa iziphumo ezibalulekileyo, iphakamisa ubungqina obuqinileyo ngokuchasene ne-hypothesis engekho.

Ukuphumeza uvavanyo lwamanani

Ukhetho lovavanyo lwamanani lulungelelaniswe kuyilo lophando kunye neempawu zedatha:

• Uvavanyo oludityanisiweyo lwe-t. Ukuvavanya utshintsho kwizifundo ezifanayo ngaphambi nangemva konyango, olulungele uvavanyo lwangaphambili kunye nothelekiso lwasemva kovavanyo kwizifundo ezifana nokungenelela kwethu kwengqondo.
  • umzekelo. Ukuthelekisa amanqaku oxinzelelo ngaphambili (Lithetha = 68.4, SD = 9.4) kwaye emva (Lithetha = 75.2, SD = 9.8) ukuqeqeshwa kwengqondo ukuvavanya utshintsho olubalulekileyo.
• Uvavanyo lonxulumano. Ilinganisa amandla onxulumano phakathi kwezinto ezimbini eziguquguqukayo, ezifana nobude bexesha lokuziqhelanisa nengqiqo kunye nokuba sempilweni.
  • Uvavanyo lokulungelelaniswa kwePearson. Icacisa ukuba utshintsho kwixesha lokucinga luhambelana njani notshintsho kwintlalontle yabasebenzi.

Imizekelo esebenzayo kunye nomxholo

• Uphando lovavanyo. Ukusebenzisa i-t-paired t-test kwidatha yokufunda kwengqondo ibonisa ukunciphisa okukhulu kumanqanaba oxinzelelo, kunye ne-t-value ye-3.00 kunye ne-p-value ye-0.0028, ebonisa ukuba ukuqeqeshwa kwengqondo kunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo uxinzelelo emsebenzini. Oku kufunyaniswayo kuxhasa ukusetyenziswa kwezenzo zokucinga rhoqo njengokungenelela okunenzuzo ekunciphiseni uxinzelelo kwindawo yokusebenzela. • Isifundo sonxulumano. Ulungelelwaniso oluhle oluphakathi (r = 0.30) oluqinisekiswe ngovavanyo lwamanani (t-value = 3.08, p-value = 0.001) ibonisa ukuba iiseshoni zokukhumbula ixesha elide ziphucula inhlalakahle. Ukwandisa ixesha leseshoni yokucinga kunokuphucula impilo-ntle phakathi kwabasebenzi.

Ukuthathela ingqalelo iingqikelelo kunye nezikhokelo zexesha elizayo

Ukuxabisa ngokupheleleyo iziphumo zophando lwethu, kubalulekile ukuqonda iingcamango ezisisiseko kunye neendlela ezinokubakho zophando oluthe kratya:

• Iingqikelelo kunye nemida. Ukuthembeka kweziphumo zethu kuxhomekeke ekucingeni ukuba idatha ilandela iphethini eqhelekileyo kwaye indawo nganye yedatha izimeleyo kwabanye. Ukuba idatha, njengamanqaku oxinzelelo, ayilandeli le pateni yesiqhelo, inokuthambeka iziphumo kwaye inokukhokelela kwizigqibo ezingachanekanga.
• Izinto ezibonwayo. Ukubandakanya iigrafu kunye neetafile ezibonisa ukuhanjiswa kwangaphambi kovavanyo kunye namanqaku ovavanyo emva kovavanyo, kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwexesha lokuziqhelanisa nengqiqo kunye nokuphila kakuhle, kucetyiswa ukuba iziphumo zicace kwaye zibandakanye ngakumbi. Ezi ziboniso zinceda ukubonisa iindlela eziphambili kunye neepateni, ukuphucula ukutolika kwedatha.
• Uphando ngakumbi. Izifundo zexesha elizayo zinokuhlola izinto ezongezelelweyo ezichaphazela impilo-ntle usebenzisa uhlalutyo lwe-multivariate okanye yokufunda umatshini. Oku kunokutyhila ukuqonda okunzulu kwizinto eziguquguqukayo eziphembelela ukunciphisa uxinzelelo.
• Uhlalutyo oluphezulu. Ukusebenzisa iindlela ezininzi zokubuyisela umva kunokunceda ukuqonda ukuba izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo zidibanisa njani ukuchaphazela uxinzelelo kunye nokuphila kakuhle, ukubonelela ngombono obanzi wemiphumo yengqondo.

Ngokujongana nezi ngcinga kunye nokuphonononga ezi zikhokelo, uphucula ukuqonda kwakho ukusebenza kokungenelela kwengqondo, ukukhokela uphando lwexesha elizayo kunye nokwazisa izigqibo zomgaqo-nkqubo.

Ukutolika iziphumo zakho

Uvuthondaba lohlalutyo lwakho lwamanani lubandakanya ukutolika okufunyanisiweyo ukuze uqonde iimpembelelo zabo kunye nokubaluleka kwiingqikelelo zakho zokuqala.

Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwamanani

Ukubaluleka kweenkcukacha-manani ngundoqo kuvavanyo lwe-hypothesis, ukunceda ukucacisa ukuba iziphumo zinokwenzeka ngenxa yethuba. Useta oku ngokuthelekisa ixabiso lakho le-p ngokuchasene nomda omiselweyo (ngokuqhelekileyo ngu-0.05).

Nantsi imizekelo esebenzayo kuphononongo lwethu lokuqonda ukubonisa indlela ukubaluleka kwamanani okutolikwa ngayo:

• Uhlalutyo lovavanyo. Ukutshintsha kwenqanaba loxinzelelo kwisifundo sokuqonda, i-p-value ye-0.0027 (ngaphantsi kwe-0.05 threshold) isikhokelela ekubeni sikhabe i-hypothesis engekho. Oku kubonisa ukuncitshiswa okubalulekileyo koxinzelelo olubangelwa kukuzilolonga kwengqondo, ingekuko nje ukwahluka okungahleliweyo. • Uhlalutyo lobuhlanga. I-p-value ye-0.001 kuphononongo oluvavanya ubude bengqondo kunye nokuphila kakuhle ibonisa ulungelelwaniso olubalulekileyo, oluxhasa uluvo lokuba iiseshini ezinde ziphucula impilo-ntle, nangona oko akuthethi ukuba unobangela ngqo.

Ukuvavanya ubungakanani besiphumo

Ubungakanani besiphumo bulinganisa ukomelela kwesiphumo, kugxininisa ukubaluleka kwayo okusebenzayo ngaphaya kokuyingqina ngokweenkcukacha-manani. Ngezantsi, unokubona imizekelo yobungakanani besiphumo kuphononongo lwethu lokuqaphela:

• Ubungakanani besiphumo kuphando lovavanyo. Ukubala i-Cohen's d yeenguqu kumanqanaba oxinzelelo ngenxa yengqondo, ufumana ixabiso le-0.72, ebonisa impembelelo ephakathi ukuya phezulu. Oku kuphakamisa ukuba uqeqesho lwengqondo alunciphisi nje kuphela uxinzelelo ngokwezibalo kodwa lukwenza oko ukuya kwinqanaba elinentsingiselo ngokwendlela yokusebenza. Kwabo bangaqhelananga ne-Cohen's d, ilinganisa ubungakanani bomahluko phakathi kweendlela ezimbini ezihambelana nokutenxa okusemgangathweni kwedatha yesampulu. Nasi isikhokelo esifutshane sokutolika uCohen's d.
• Ubungakanani besiphumo kuphando oluhambelanayo. Ukuqwalasela i-criteria ye-Cohen, ixabiso le-Pearson r le-0.30 liwela kudidi lwesiphumo esiphakathi. Oku kubonisa ukuba ixesha lokuziqhelanisa nengqiqo linonxibelelwano oluphakathi, olubaluleke kakhulu kunye nempilo yabasebenzi. I-Pearson's r ilinganisa ukomelela kobudlelwane bomgca phakathi kwezinto ezimbini eziguquguqukayo. Ukufumana okungakumbi kwiPearson's r kunye nokutolikwa kwayo, Cofa apha.

Ukuqwalasela iimpazamo ekuthathweni kwezigqibo

Kuhlalutyo lwamanani, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele iimpazamo ezinokuthi zibekho, ezinokuchaphazela kakhulu izigqibo ezithathwe kwidatha yophando:

• Chwetheza impazamo yenzeka ukuba uyala ngempazamo i-hypothesis eyinyani, ucebisa ukuba inkqubo iyasebenza xa ingasebenzi. Oku kudla ngokubizwa ngokuba "yinyani yobuxoki."
• Uhlobo II imposiso kwenzeka xa usilela ukwala i-hypothesis engeyiyo yobuxoki, enokuthi uphoswe zizona ziphumo zongenelelo, ezaziwa ngokuba "yinkohliso yobuxoki."

Ukulinganisa iingozi zezi mpazamo kubandakanya ukuqwalaselwa ngononophelo kwenqanaba lokubaluleka kunye nokuqinisekisa amandla aneleyo kuyilo lwakho lokufunda. Ubuchule bokunciphisa ezi mpazamo ziquka:

• Ukwandisa ubungakanani besampulu. Iisampulu ezinkulu zinciphisa uluhlu lwempazamo kwaye zonyuse amandla ophononongo, okunciphisa ukuba nokwenzeka kokwenza iimpazamo zoHlobo lwe-II.
• Ukusebenzisa amanqanaba okubaluleka afanelekileyo. Ukulungelelanisa inqanaba le-alpha (umzekelo, ukusuka kwi-0.05 ukuya kwi-0.01) kunokunciphisa ukubakho kweempazamo zoHlobo lwe-I, nangona oku kunokunciphisa amandla okubona iziphumo zokwenyani ngaphandle kokuba ubungakanani besampulu buhlengahlengiswe ngokufanelekileyo.
• Ukuqhuba uhlalutyo lwamandla. Ngaphambi kokuqokelela idatha, ukwenza uhlalutyo lwamandla kunceda ukubala ubuncinci besayizi yesampulu efunekayo ukuze kubonwe umphumo wobungakanani obunikiweyo kunye nenqanaba elifunekayo lokuzithemba, ngaloo ndlela ulawula zombini iingozi ze-I kunye ne-Type II yempazamo.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwezemfundo

Emva kokuba utolike iziphumo zakho naphambi kokuba ugqibezele uphando lwakho, kubalulekile ukuba uqinisekise imfezeko nokuchaneka komsebenzi wakho. Sebenzisa yethu Ukukhangela ukukopela ukuqinisekisa imvelaphi yohlalutyo lwakho kunye nesicatshulwa esifanelekileyo semithombo. Esi sixhobo esiphezulu sinika amanqaku afanayo aneenkcukacha, sisebenzisa i-algorithms ephucukileyo ukubona iimeko ezifihlakeleyo ze ukunyanzelisa, kwaye ibandakanya inqaku lomngcipheko elibonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba iindawo zohlalutyo lwakho zibonwa njengento engekhoyo. Ikwawenza uhlalutyo lokucaphula ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke iimbekiselo zivunywa ngokuchanekileyo, ukomeleza ukuthembeka kophando lwakho olubalulekileyo kuzo zombini iisetingi zemfundo kunye nezobuchwephesha.

Ukongezelela, yethu inkonzo yokuhlaziya uxwebhu iphonononga ngononophelo uxwebhu lwakho olubhaliweyo, ilungisa iimpazamo zegrama neziphumlisi ukuqinisekisa ukucaca kunye nokungaguquguquki. Abahleli bethu abanobuchule abagcini nje ngokufunda umbhalo wakho kodwa baphucula ukuhamba kwawo kunye nokufundeka kwawo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba uhlalutyo lwakho lwamanani lunyanzelise ngakumbi kwaye lube lula ukuluqonda. Ngokucokisa umxholo, ulwakhiwo, ulwimi, kunye nesimbo, siyakunceda ukuba unxibelelane ngeziphumo zakho ngempumelelo ngakumbi kubaphulaphuli bakho.

Ukubandakanya ezi nkonzo kuphucula ukuthembeka kweziphumo zakho, kukhulisa ubungqongqo besayensi, kwaye kuphakamisa unikezelo lophando lwakho kuhlalutyo lwamanani. Le ngqalelo kwiinkcukacha iqinisekisa ukuba uxwebhu lwakho lokugqibela luhlangabezana neyona migangatho iphezulu yemfezeko ezifundweni kunye nokugqwesa kubuchwephesha.

Izixhobo zeSoftware zohlalutyo olusebenzayo lwamanani

Njengoko siphonononga usetyenziso olusebenzayo kunye nenkcazo yethiyori yohlalutyo lwamanani, ukukhetha izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zesoftware kubonakala kubalulekile. Ezi zixhobo ziphucula ukusebenza kunye nobunzulu bophando lwakho kwaye zivumele uhlalutyo oluphucukileyo kunye nokuqonda okucacileyo. Apha ngezantsi, sichaza ezinye zezona zixhobo zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwisoftware yezibalo, sichaza amandla azo kunye neemeko zokusetyenziswa eziqhelekileyo ukukunceda ukhethe eyona ifanelekileyo kwiimfuno zakho.

R

R yindawo yesoftware yasimahla enikezelwe kwikhompyuter yezibalo kunye nemizobo. Eyaziwayo ngoluhlu lwayo olukhulu lweepakethe kunye nobuchule obunamandla kwimodeli yezibalo ezintsonkothileyo, i-R iluncedo kakhulu kubaphandi abafuna iinkqubo zobalo eziphambili. Ixhasa uhlengahlengiso olubanzi kunye nokuboniswa kwegraphical eneenkcukacha, iyenza ilungele uhlalutyo oluntsonkothileyo.

Python

Ukulula kunye nokuguquguquka kwePython kwenze ukuba kube yinto esisiseko kuhlalutyo lwamanani, exhaswa ngamathala eencwadi afana neNumPy, SciPy, kunye neepandas. Olu lwimi lugqibelele kwabo baqala kuhlalutyo lwedatha, olunikezela nge-syntax ethe ngqo kunye nobuchule obunamandla bokukhohlisa idatha. I-Python igqwesa kwiiprojekthi ezidibanisa ukufundwa koomatshini kunye nohlalutyo lwedatha enkulu.

I-SPSS (iphakheji yeenkcukacha-manani zenzululwazi yezentlalo)

I-SPSS ithandwa kujongano lwayo olusebenziseka lula, isenza uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani oluntsokothileyo lufikeleleke kubaphandi ngaphandle kolwazi olubanzi lwenkqubo. Isebenza ngakumbi kuhlalutyo lwedatha yophando kunye nolunye uphando oluqhutywa ngokwesiqhelo kwisayensi yezentlalo. I-Graphical User Interface (GUI) ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba benze iimvavanyo zezibalo ngokusebenzisa iimenyu ezilula kunye neebhokisi zengxoxo, kunokuba ikhowudi enzima, iyenze ibe sisixhobo esinokwethenjelwa nesinembileyo sezibalo ezichazayo.

I-SAS (inkqubo yohlalutyo lwamanani)

I-SAS yaziwa kakhulu ngokuthembeka kwayo kuhlalutyo oluphambili, ubukrelekrele beshishini, kunye nolawulo lwedatha, iyenza ibe lolona khetho luthandwayo kumashishini afana nokhathalelo lwempilo kunye namayeza. Ilawula ngokufanelekileyo iiseti zedatha enkulu kwaye ibonelela ngesiphumo esineenkcukacha kuhlalutyo lwe-multivariate, olubalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuchaneka kunye nokuhambelana kweziphumo zakho.

Ukuthelekisa ushwankathelo lwesoftware yohlalutyo lwamanani

software	Amandla	Iimeko zokusetyenziswa eziqhelekileyo	ixabiso	Uluntu lwabasebenzisi
R	Iiphakheji ezibanzi, imodeli ephezulu	Uhlalutyo lwamanani oluntsonkothileyo	free	Enkulu, esebenzayo
Python	I-Versatility, kulula ukuyisebenzisa	Ukufunda ngoomatshini, uhlalutyo olukhulu lwedatha	free	Izibonelelo ezininzi, ezininzi
SPSS	I-GUI esebenziseka lula, ilungele abaqalayo	Idatha yovavanyo, izibalo ezichazayo	ehlawulwe	Ixhaswe kakuhle yi-IBM, izifundiswa
SAS	Iphatha iiseti zedatha ezinkulu, imveliso eyomeleleyo	Ukhathalelo lwempilo, amayeza	ehlawulwe	Ubuchwephesha, ishishini lomelele

Ukuqalisa ngesoftware yamanani

Kwezo zintsha kwezi zixhobo, izifundo ezininzi ze-intanethi kunye nezixhobo zinokunceda ukuvala umsantsa phakathi kolwazi lwethiyori kunye nokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo:

• R. Abasaqalayo kufuneka baqale ngephakheji engu-R engundoqo, ukulawula iziseko ze-vectors, imatrices, kunye nezakhelo zedatha. Ukuphonononga iipakethi ezongezelelweyo ezivela kwi-CRAN, njenge-ggplot2 yegraphics ephucukileyo okanye ukunyamekela ukufunda ngomatshini, kunokuphucula ngakumbi amandla akho okuhlalutya.
• Python. Qala ngesiseko sePython tutorials kwi Python.org. Emva kokufunda izinto ezisisiseko, faka iilayibrari zokuhlalutya idatha njengePandas kunye neelayibrari zokujonga njengeMatplotlib ukwandisa izakhono zakho zokuhlalutya.
• SPSS. I-IBM, inkampani ephuhlise i-SPSS, inikezela ngamaxwebhu aneenkcukacha kunye nezilingo zasimahla ukunceda abasebenzisi abatsha baqonde amandla e-SPSS, kubandakanya noHlelo lweSyntax kwimisebenzi ezenzekelayo. Olu fikelelo luluncedo kakhulu kwezo zitsha kwisoftware yamanani, ukubonelela ngentshayelelo esebenziseka lula kwimisebenzi enzima yezibalo.
• SAS. I-SAS University Edition ibonelela ngeqonga lokufunda simahla, elilungele abafundi kunye nabaphandi abafuna ukwenza nzulu ukuqonda kwabo inkqubo ye-SAS kunye nohlalutyo lwamanani.

Ngokukhetha isoftware efanelekileyo kunye nokunikela ixesha lokufunda ukusebenza kwayo, unokuphucula ngokubonakalayo umgangatho kunye nobubanzi bohlalutyo lwakho lwamanani, okukhokelela kwizigqibo ezinengqondo ngakumbi kunye neziphumo zophando ezinefuthe.

isiphelo

Esi sikhokelo siqaqambise indima ebalulekileyo yohlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani ekuguquleni idatha entsonkothileyo ibe yimibono enokusetyenzwa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Ukususela ekuqulunqeni iingcamango kunye nokuqokelela idatha ukuhlalutya kunye nokutolika iziphumo, isigaba ngasinye siphucula ukwenza izigqibo kunye nezakhono zophando-ezibalulekileyo ekuphuculeni izifundo kunye neengcali. Ukuqonda izixhobo zezibalo ezifana ne-R, iPython, i-SPSS, kunye ne-SAS kunokuba ngumngeni, kodwa izibonelelo-ukuqonda okubukhali, izigqibo ezihlakaniphile, kunye nophando olunamandla-zibalulekile. Isixhobo ngasinye sinikezela ngezakhono ezizodwa zokulawula uhlalutyo olunzima lwedatha ngokufanelekileyo. Bopha ubutyebi bezixhobo ze-intanethi, izifundo zokufundisa, kunye nenkxaso yoluntu ukucokisa izakhono zakho zokubala. Ezi zixhobo zenza lula ukuntsonkotha kohlalutyo lwamanani, ukuqinisekisa ukuba uhlala unobuchule. Ngokulola izakhono zakho zokuhlalutya izibalo, uya kuvula amathuba amatsha kuphando lwakho nakubomi bomsebenzi. Qhubeka ufunda kwaye usebenzise obu buchule, kwaye khumbula-idatha nganye inebali. Ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo, ulungele ukuyixela ngokunyanzelekileyo.