Ukucaphuna ngendlela efanele kubaluleke kakhulu ekubhaleni ama-eseyi. Akwengezi nje ukwethembeka ezingxoxweni zakho kodwa futhi kukusiza ugweme izingibe zokukopela. Kodwa-ke, lokho abafundi abavame ukungakuqapheli ukuthi indlela yokucaphuna ibaluleke ngokufanayo. Izingcaphuno ezingalungile zingaholela ekwehleni kwamabanga futhi zingafaka ngisho engozini ubuqotho bomsebenzi wezemfundo.
| Umthetho oyisisekelo yilo: Uma ungazange ubhale ulwazi ngokwakho, kufanele uhlale usho umthombo. Ukwehluleka ukusho imithombo yakho, ikakhulukazi ekubhaleni ezingeni lasekolishi, kuwukukopela. |
Ukucaphuna ngendlela efanele: Izitayela nokubaluleka
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezitayela zokubhala ezisetshenziswayo namuhla, ngasinye sinesethi yaso yemithetho yokucaphuna nokufometha. Ezinye zezitayela ezisetshenzisiwe yilezi:
- I-AP (Associated Press). Isetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-journalism nama-athikili ahlobene nabezindaba.
- I-APA (American Psychological Association). Okuvame ukusetshenziswa kwisayensi yezenhlalo.
- I-MLA (Inhlangano Yezilimi Zanamuhla). Okuvame ukusetshenziselwa abantu nobuciko benkululeko.
- Chicago. Ifanele umlando nezinye izinkambu, enikeza izitayela ezimbili: amanothi-incwadi yezincwadi kanye nedethi yombhali.
- I-Turabian. Inguqulo eyenziwe lula yesitayela saseChicago, evame ukusetshenziswa ngabafundi.
- I-Harvard. Isetshenziswa kakhulu e-UK nase-Australia, isebenzisa uhlelo losuku lombhali ukuze kucashunwe.
- I-IEEE (Isikhungo Sonjiniyela Bakagesi kanye Nobuchwepheshe). Isetshenziswa emikhakheni yobunjiniyela nezobuchwepheshe.
- I-AMA (American Medical Association). Kuqashwe emaphepheni ezempilo namajenali.
| Ukuqonda ama-nuances wesitayela ngasinye kubalulekile, ikakhulukazi njengoba imikhakha yezemfundo nezikhungo ezahlukene zingadinga izitayela ezahlukene. Ngakho-ke, bheka njalo imihlahlandlela yezabelo zakho noma ubuze umfundisi wakho ukuthi azi ukuthi yisiphi isitayela okufanele usisebenzise. |
Ukukopa nemiphumela yako
Ukukopa kuyisenzo sokusebenzisa ucezu olubhaliwe, luphelele noma ingxenye, kumaphrojekthi akho ngaphandle kokunikeza isikweletu esifanele kumbhali wokuqala. Empeleni, ikuligi efanayo nokuntshontsha izinto zabanye ababhali bese ubiza okokusebenza njengokungezakho.
Imiphumela yokukopela ziyahlukahluka ngokusekelwe esikoleni, ukungathi sína kwephutha, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nothisha. Nokho, ngokuvamile zingahlukaniswa ngale ndlela elandelayo:
- Izijeziso zezemfundo. Amabanga ancishisiwe, ukwehluleka emsebenzini, noma ngisho nokufeyila esifundweni.
- Izenzo zokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe. Izixwayiso ezibhaliwe, ukuhlolwa kwezemfundo, noma ukumiswa noma ukuxoshwa ezimweni ezinzima.
- Imiphumela yomthetho. Amanye amacala angase aholele esinyathelweni somthetho ngokusekelwe ekwephuleni i-copyright.
- Imiphumela engemihle emsebenzini wakho. Ukulimala kwesithunzi kungase kuthinte amathuba esikhathi esizayo ezemfundo nawemisebenzi.
The imiphumela incike ekutheni yisiphi isikole uyaya. Ezinye izikole zingase zamukele inqubomgomo ethi “Iziteleka Ezintathu bese uphumile,” kodwa ngithola ukuthi amanyuvesi amaningi ochwepheshe anomgomo wokungabekezeleli nhlobo ukukopela, futhi awazikhathazi ngokukuthinta kabi ekuqaleni.
| Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqonda ubukhali bokukopela nokuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umsebenzi wezemfundo nowengcweti uyacashunwa futhi uchazwa ngokuthi ucaphuna ngendlela efanele. Hlala uthintana nenqubomgomo yokukopela yesikhungo sakho noma imihlahlandlela ukuze uqonde imiphumela ethile ongabhekana nayo. |
Indlela yokucaphuna ngokufanelekile imithombo: Amafomethi we-APA vs. AP
Izingcaphuno ezifanele zibalulekile ekubhaleni kwezemfundo nakwezintatheli ukuze kufakwe imibono emithonjeni yayo yoqobo, kugwenywe ukukopela, futhi kuvumele abafundi ukuthi baqinisekise amaqiniso. Iziyalo ezihlukene zemfundo kanye nezisetshenziswa ngokuvamile zidinga izitayela ezahlukene zokucaphuna. Lapha, sizocubungula izitayela ezimbili ezidumile: i-APA ne-AP.
Ezilungiselelweni zezemfundo noma zobungcweti, izingcaphuno zibalulekile ukuze ugweme ukukopela futhi ufakazele ukuthi kukhona okukholekayo emsebenzini wakho. Isixhumanisi esilula noma ingxenye eyisisekelo 'yemithombo' ngokuvamile ngeke yanele. Ukumakelwa phansi ngenxa yengcaphuno engafanele kungase kuthinte ukusebenza kwakho kwezemfundo noma isithunzi sochwepheshe.
I-APA (American Psychological Association) futhi I-AP (Associated Press) amafomethi aphakathi kwezitayela zokucaphuna ezisetshenziswa kakhulu, ngayinye inikezela ngezizathu ezihlukene futhi idinga izinhlobo ezithile zolwazi ukuze kucashunwe.
- Ifomethi ye-APA idume kakhulu kwisayensi yezenhlalo efana nesayikholoji, futhi idinga ukucashunwa okuningiliziwe kokubili ngaphakathi kombhalo kanye nesigaba esithi 'Amareferensi' ekupheleni kwephepha.
- Ifomethi ye-AP ithandwa ekubhaleni kobuntatheli, futhi ihlose ukufinyezwa okwengeziwe, okungaphakathi kombhalo ngaphandle kwesidingo sohlu olunemininingwane yereferensi.
| Ngaphandle kwalo mehluko, zombili izitayela zinenhloso enkulu yokukhombisa ulwazi nemithombo ngokucacile nakafushane. |
Izibonelo zezingcaphuno kumafomethi we-AP ne-APA
Lawa mafomethi ahluke kakhulu kwenye ngohlobo lolwazi oludingekayo ukuze kucashunwe.
Isibonelo se-1
Ukucaphuna okufanele ngefomethi ye-AP kungase kube into enjengale:
- Ngokusho kwe-usgovernmentspending.com, isizindalwazi esilandelela ukusetshenziswa kwemali kaHulumeni, isikweletu sikazwelonke sikhule ngo-1.9 trillion dollars kule minyaka emithathu edlule safinyelela ku-$18.6 trillion. Lokhu ukukhula cishe ngamaphesenti ayishumi.
Nokho, leyo ngcaphuno efanayo ngefomethi ye-APA ingaba nezingxenye ezi-2. Uzokwethula ulwazi esihlokweni ngesihlonzi sezinombolo ngendlela elandelayo:
- Ngokusho kwe-usgovernmentspending.com, isizindalwazi esilandelela ukusetshenziswa kwemali kaHulumeni, isikweletu sikazwelonke sikhule ngo-1.9 trillion dollars kule minyaka emithathu edlule safinyelela ku-$18.6 trillion.
- [1] Lokhu ukukhula cishe ngamaphesenti ayishumi.
Okulandelayo, ungakha isigaba 'semithombo' esihlukile sokucaphuna kahle, usebenzisa izihlonzi zezinombolo ukuze uhambisane nomthombo ngamunye okhonjiwe, njengoba kuboniswe ngezansi:
IMITHOMBO
[1] Chantrell, Christopher (2015, Sept. 3rd). "Izinombolo Zezikweletu Ze-Federal Ezihlosiwe Nezakamuva". Kubuyiswe ku-http://www.usgovernmentspending.com/federal_debt_chart.html.
Isibonelo se-2
Ngefomethi ye-AP, ubeka ulwazi ngokuqondile kumthombo ongaphakathi kombhalo, ususa isidingo sesigaba semithombo ehlukile. Isibonelo, esihlokweni sezindaba, ungabhala:
- Ngokusho kukaSmith, inqubomgomo entsha ingathinta abantu abangafika ku-1,000.
Ngefomethi ye-APA, uzofaka ingxenye ethi 'Imithombo' ekupheleni kwephepha lakho lezemfundo. Isibonelo, ungabhala:
- Inqubomgomo entsha ingaba nomthelela kubantu abangafika kwabayi-1,000 (Smith, 2021).
IMITHOMBO
USmith, J. (2021). Izinguquko Zenqubomgomo kanye Nemithelela yazo. Ijenali Yenqubomgomo Yezenhlalakahle, 14(2), 112-120.
Isibonelo se-3
Ifomethi ye-AP:
- USmith, oneziqu ze-PhD ku-Environmental Science azithola e-Harvard University futhi oseshicilele izifundo eziningi mayelana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, uthi ukunyuka kwamazinga olwandle kuhlobene ngokuqondile nemisebenzi yabantu.
Ifomethi ye-APA:
- Ukukhuphuka kwamazinga olwandle kuhlotshaniswa ngqo nemisebenzi yabantu (Smith, 2019).
- USmith, oneziqu ze-PhD ku-Environmental Science azithola e-Harvard, wenze izifundo eziningi eziqinisa lesi simangalo.
IMITHOMBO
USmith, J. (2019). Umthelela Wemisebenzi Yabantu Emazingeni Akhuphukayo Olwandle. Ijenali Yesayensi Yezemvelo, 29(4), 315-330.
| Ukucaphuna ngendlela efanele kubalulekile ekubhaleni kwezemfundo nakwezobuntatheli, ngamafomethi e-APA nawe-AP anikezela ngezidingo ezahlukahlukene. Nakuba i-APA idinga ingxenye ethi 'Imithombo' enemininingwane, i-AP ihlanganisa izingcaphuno ngokuqondile embhalweni. Ukuqonda lokhu kwehluka kubalulekile ukuze ugcine ukwethembeka nokwethembeka komsebenzi wakho. |
Isiphetho
| Sithemba ukuthi wena, njengomfundi, manje uyakuqonda ukubaluleka kokucaphuna ngokufanelekile imithombo yakho. Yifunde, futhi ukusebenzise. Ngokwenza kanjalo, wandisa amathuba akho okuphasa futhi ugcine irekhodi eliqinile lezemfundo. |
