Okubalulekile kombiko welebhu: Kusukela ekusetheni kuya ekuhanjisweni

Ukuqonda ukuthi ungawulungiselela kanjani umbiko welebhu ophelele futhi osebenzayo kubalulekile kunoma yimuphi umfundi wesayensi. Lo mhlahlandlela uzokuhambisa esinyathelweni ngasinye sokudala umbiko walebhu, ukusuka ekusetheni isilingo sakho ukuya ekuhambiseni okutholile. Uzofunda ukuhlela umbiko wakho, uhlaziye idatha, uqinisekise ikhwalithi, futhi uhlanganyele ngempumelelo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wenza izivivinyo ezilula zasekilasini noma amaphrojekthi ocwaningo ayinkimbinkimbi, ukwazi lawa makhono kuzothuthukisa ukusebenza kwakho kwezemfundo futhi kukulungiselele izinselele zesayensi zomhlaba wangempela.

Dive ukuze uthuthukise amakhono akho okubika futhi uthole ukuzethemba ekubhaleni ukuhlola kwesayensi.

Ukuqonda umbiko walebhu

Umbiko welebhu wumbhalo ohlelekile obalulekile emikhakheni yesayensi, ubuchwepheshe, ubunjiniyela, kanye nezibalo (STEM). Ibhala inqubo yakho yokuhlola futhi ibonise ukuqonda kwakho indlela yesayensi, ivumela ukuzibandakanya okuqondile nocwaningo lokuhlola. Ivamise ukufushanisa kakhulu kune amaphepha ocwaningo, imibiko yelebhu ingamathuluzi abalulekile okuxhumana kwezesayensi nochwepheshe, okucacisa ngempumelelo idatha yesayensi eyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokutholakele ngendlela ecacile nehlelekile. Nakhu okufingqiwe kombiko welebhu:

• Injongo. Ukubhala kanye nokuxhumana imininingwane kanye nemiphumela yocwaningo lwaselabhorethri.
• Umsebenzi. Ivumela ukusetshenziswa kolwazi lwethiyori ezimeni ezingokoqobo kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwemiqondo yesayensi.
• Umbuso. Ibalulekile ekuhloleni kwezemfundo nasocwaningweni lobungcweti ukuze kuboniswe amakhono enqubo nawokuhlaziya.

Lo mbono obanzi ugxile ku- kungani futhi Kanjani yemibiko yaselabhu kune ini, okuchazwe kabanzi esigabeni esilandelayo.

Ukwakha umbiko walebhu: Izigaba ezibalulekile zichaziwe

Uhlaka lombiko welebhu lungahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi isiyalo esithile kanye nemihlahlandlela ebekwe izikhungo zemfundo. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile izungeza izingxenye ezimbalwa ezibalulekile ezichaza zonke izigaba zomsebenzi waselabhorethri. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo ezithile, kubalulekile ukuthintana nomfundisi wakho noma ubuyekeze imibhalo yenkomba ngaphambi kokuqala umbiko wakho. Ngezansi, ungathola izingxenye ezibalulekile zombiko walebhu:

• Isihloko. Ifingqa okugxilwe kakhulu kocwaningo.
• abstract. Isifinyezo sezinjongo zocwaningo, izindlela, imiphumela, neziphetho.
• Isingeniso. Ibeka ucwaningo ngaphakathi kwenkundla yocwaningo olubanzi.
• Indlela. Ichaza izinqubo zokuhlola nezinto ezisetshenziswayo.
• Imiphumela. Ichaza idatha eqoqwe nokuhlaziywa okwenziwe.
• Ingxoxo. Ihlola imithelela kanye nemikhawulo yalokho okutholiwe.
• Isiphetho. Ifingqa imiphumela ebalulekile yocwaningo.
• Okubhekwayo. Ibala yonke imithombo ekhonjiwe.
• Izithasiselo. Iqukethe izinto ezengeziwe.

Nakuba lezi zigaba zakha umgogodla wemibiko eminingi yelebhu, ukulungiswa kungase kudingeke ngokusekelwe ezidingweni ezithile zephrojekthi noma iziqondiso zezemfundo. Kwesinye isikhathi, izingxenye zombiko zingafushaniswa noma zishiywe ngaphandle. Isibonelo, isigaba esifushane ngezinjongo zocwaningo singathatha indawo yesingeniso esigcwele, noma ingxoxo enemininingwane ingase ihlanganise yonke into edingekayo ngaphandle kwesiphetho esihlukile.

Isihloko

Isihloko sombiko wakho ngelebhu siwumbono wokuqala womfundi ngomsebenzi wakho—sibeka inkundla yalokho okulandelayo. Isihloko esiklanywe kahle sethula kafushane isihloko noma imiphumela yocwaningo lwakho, sithwebula umongo ngaphandle kokudinga ubuhlakani noma ubuhlakani. Kunalokho, gxila ekucaciseni nasekunembeni ukuze udlulisele ngempumelelo inhloso yocwaningo lwakho. Nayi imihlahlandlela yesihloko esiqinile:

• Igcine imfushane futhi iqondile.
• Qinisekisa ukuthi iveza ngqo okuqukethwe umbiko.
• Gwema i-jargon yobuchwepheshe okungenzeka ingaziwa kabanzi ngaphandle kwemibuthano ethile yezemfundo.

Ukufanekisa, nazi izibonelo zesihloko ezicacile nezichazayo:

• “Umthelela wokwenyuka kukasawoti emazingeni okuncibilika kwamakhorali.” • “Umthelela wokuchayeka kokukhanya emazingeni okukhula kwezitshalo.” • “Ihlaziya umthelela wezinga lokushisa ekukhathaleni kwensimbi.”

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa indlela yokugxila ezintweni eziguquguqukayo eziyinhloko kanye nemiphumela yokuhlolwa, ezinikeza ukuqonda okucacile kokugxila kocwaningo zisuka nje.

abstract

I-abstract isebenza njengesifinyezo esifingqiwe sombiko wakho walebhu, ngokuvamile esukela kumagama ayi-150 kuye kwangama-300. Inikeza isifinyezo sezinjongo zokuhlolwa, izindlela, okutholiwe okuyinhloko, neziphetho. Kubheke njengethuba lakho ukuveza okubalulekile kocwaningo lwakho ngendlela ehlangene, unikeze ukubuka kuqala okuhlanganisa ingqikithi yocwaningo lwakho.

Kuyancomeka ukuthi ubhale i-abstract okokugcina. Leli su liqinisekisa ukuthi ungakwazi ukufingqa ngokunembile isigaba ngasinye sombiko ngemva kokuba sezithuthukiswe ngokugcwele. I-abstract kufanele ibhalwe enkathini edlule, ibonise ukuthi ukuhlola nokuhlaziya kuqediwe. Ngezansi imibuzo eyisihluthulelo yokuqondisa ukubhala kwakho okungaqondakali:

• Uyini umongo obanzi wocwaningo lwakho? Lokhu kufaka ucwaningo lwakho endaweni enkulu yophenyo.
• Imuphi umbuzo othize wocwaningo ukuhlolwa kwakho okubhekana nakho? Icacisa inhloso nokugxilwa kocwaningo.
• Kwenziwa kanjani ukuhlolwa? Iveza izindlela nezinqubo ezisetshenzisiwe, inikeze ukuqonda kumklamo wokuhlola.
• Yayimiphi imiphumela eyinhloko? Ifingqa idatha kanye nokutholakele okubalulekile.
• Yahunyushwa kanjani le miphumela? Ixoxa ngokuhlaziywa kanye nokubaluleka kwemiphumela ekuphenduleni umbuzo wocwaningo.
• Okutholile kunamuphi ukubaluleka endimeni yokufunda? Igqamisa imithelela kanye nokufaneleka kwemiphumela ekuthuthukisweni kolwazi.
• Okutholakele kwakho kunomthelela kanjani ocwaningweni lwangomuso noma ezinhlelweni ezisebenzayo? Ikhuthaza ukucatshangelwa komthelela wocwaningo ngale kwemiphumela esheshayo, okuhlanganisa iziphakamiso zezifundo zesikhathi esizayo noma izinhlelo zokusebenza zomhlaba wangempela ezingaba khona.

Isibonelo kusetshenziswa isihloko esikhethiwe - "Umthelela wokuchayeka kokukhanya kumazinga okukhula kwezitshalo":

Imiphumela yamazinga ahlukene okuchayeka kokukhanya kumazinga okukhula kwezitshalo iphenywe kulolu cwaningo. Amaqembu amathathu ezitshalo zikabhontshisi abekwe endaweni yokukhanya okuphansi, okumaphakathi, nokuphezulu phakathi nezinsuku ezingama-30 ukuze kutholwe izinga lokukhanya elilungile lokukhula okuphezulu. Ukuphakama kwezitshalo kukalwa masonto onke, futhi amazinga okukhula abe esebalwa futhi ahlaziywa. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuhlobana okucacile phakathi kokuqina kokukhanya namazinga okukhula kwezitshalo, izitshalo ezingaphansi kwezimo zokukhanya okumaphakathi zibonisa ukwanda okuphawulekayo kobude. Lokhu okutholakele kugcizelela indima ebalulekile yokukhanya ekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo futhi kuphakamise amasu angaba khona okuthuthukisa izinqubo zezolimo.

Lesi sihloko sichaza ngokucacile ukusethwa kokuhlolwa, izindlela, imiphumela, nemithelela ebanzi, inikeza yonke imininingwane edingekayo ngaphandle kokungena emininingwaneni eminingi.

Isingeniso

Ukulandela i-abstract, ukwethulwa kombiko welebhu yakho kuqhubeka kusetha isiteji socwaningo lwakho. Ibeka isisekelo ngokuqala ngombono obanzi wendawo yocwaningo futhi kancane kancane iwunciphise ophenyweni lwakho oluthile. Le ndlela, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi “indlela yefaneli,” ihlela kahle isingeniso sisuka kumongo ojwayelekile siye embuzweni wocwaningo olugxilile. Nansi indlela yokuhlela isingeniso sakho:

• Qala ngokubanzi. Qala ngokuveza indawo yesayensi evamile esihlala kuyo isihloko sakho socwaningo, uchaze ukubaluleka kwayo ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zomhlaba wangempela kanye nemithelela yetiyori.
• Nciphisa ukugxila kwakho. Chaza isici esithile socwaningo isihloko uyaphenya. Khombisa indlela isifundo sakho esixhumeka ngayo futhi sakhe phezu komongo wesayensi obanzi.
• Chaza umbuzo wocwaningo. Phetha lesi sigaba ngesitatimende esicacile nesifushane sombuzo wakho wocwaningo noma umbono wakho, oxhumanisa ngqo nolwazi olwethulwe ngaphambilini.

Isibonelo "somthelela wokuchayeka kokukhanya kumazinga okukhula kwezitshalo":

Uphenyo ngemiphumela yamandla okukhanya ahlukene emazingeni okukhula kwezitshalo luyenziwa, kugxilwe esicini esibalulekile sokwakheka kwezitshalo okunomthelela ekukhiqizeni kwezolimo. Ucwaningo luye lwahlanganisa kabanzi ithonya lokukhanya ku-photosynthesis; nokho, izimo ezilungile zokukhanya zokukhula okuphezulu kwezitshalo, ikakhulukazi ezinhlobonhlobo ezikhula ngokushesha, zihlala zingahloliwe.Umongo wocwaningo] Ukulandela okutholwe ngu-Jones no-Liu (2018), ophakamise amazinga okukhula ngaphansi kwezimo zokukhanya okuphansi ezitshalweni ezithile, lolu cwaningo lunciphisa ububanzi balo ezitshalweni zikabhontshisi. Ukuqina kokukhanya okukhethekile okukhulisa ukukhula kuyanqunywa, kuqhathaniswa nezindlela ezibanzi zocwaningo lwangaphambilini. [Ukwakhela phezu kocwaningo lwangaphambilini] Izimiso ze-photobiology zisetshenziselwa ukuhlola izimpendulo zokukhula ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene zokukhanya. Kucatshangwa ukuthi izitshalo zikabhontshisi ezichayeke ekukhanyeni okumaphakathi zizobonisa amazinga okukhula aphezulu kakhulu, okubonisa izinga elilungile le-photosynthesis esebenza kahle. Ngokuphambene, kulindeleke ukuthi izimo zokukhanya okwedlulele-eziphansi kakhulu noma eziphakeme kakhulu-zizokhinyabeza ukukhula ngenxa yamandla anganele noma ukucindezeleka ngokweqile ezicutshini zezitshalo. [Isisekelo setiyori kanye nemibono]

Ukulandela lesi sibonelo esinemininingwane, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isingeniso sombiko wakho walebhu sihleleke kahle futhi kulula ukusilandela. Cabangela lezi zindlela ukuze uthuthukise ukwakheka nokucaca kwesingeniso sakho:

• Qeda ngama-hypotheses. Phetha isingeniso ngokubeka ngokucacile imibono yakho. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokuqeda isigaba ngempumelelo kodwa futhi kusetha isiteji sezinqubo ezinemininingwane nokuhlaziya okulandelayo embikweni wakho walebhu.
• Sebenzisa izigatshana ukuze ucacise. Ukuhlela isingeniso sakho sibe izigatshana ezinjengokuthi “Ingemuva,” “Igebe locwaningo,” kanye “Nezinhloso zocwaningo” kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukuzulazula nokuqonda. Le ndlela ehlelekile ihlukanisa ulwazi, ikwenze kube lula kubafundi ukuthi babambe inqubekelaphambili kusuka kumongo ojwayelekile kuya ezinhlosweni ezithile zocwaningo lwakho.

Ukusebenzisa lawa maqhinga kuzosiza ekudaleni isingeniso esihambisanayo nesigxilile esishintshela kalula endikimbeni eyinhloko yombiko wakho walebhu, siqondise umfundi wakho ekuhloleni kwakho kwesayensi.

Izindlela zokusebenzisana zemibiko yelebhu ephumelelayo

Njengoba sisuka ezicini ezigxile kumuntu ngamunye ezishiwo “Esethulweni” siye ku-dynamics yokuhlanganyela ebalulekile ocwaningweni lwesayensi, kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi ukusebenzisana kweqembu kusekela kanjani impumelelo yemibiko yelebhu. Ukusebenzisana okuphumelelayo kucebisa inqubo yesayensi futhi kuthuthukise amakhono abalulekile okusebenzelana nabantu. Nazi izici ezibalulekile ukusebenzisana ezibalulekile ekukhiqizeni imibiko yelebhu yekhwalithi ephezulu:

• Amathiphu okuxhumana. Sekela ukuxhumana okuvulekile nokujwayelekile ngemihlangano ehleliwe, imibhalo eyabiwe, namathuluzi edijithali afana ukuxega imiyalezo esheshayo, futhi Zoom yemihlangano ebonakalayo. Lezi zinkundla zingathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kweqembu. Cacisa ngokucacile izindima nezibopho zokuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amalungu eqembu uyawuqonda umsebenzi wawo. Ukubuyekezwa okuvamile nokungena kungavimbela ukungezwani futhi kugcine iphrojekthi yombiko welebhu isendleleni.
• Izinqubo zokwabelana ngedatha. Sebenzisa isitoreji samafu namathuluzi okuphatha amaphrojekthi afana -Google Drive, eyinqolobane, noma Microsoft OneDrive ukwabelana ngedatha nezibuyekezo ngaphandle komthungo phakathi kwamalungu eqembu. Ukwengeza, amapulatifomu okuphatha amaphrojekthi afana Trello, Asana, noma Amaqembu e-Microsoft kungasiza ukuhlela imisebenzi nezikhathi. Qinisekisa ukuthi yonke idatha ibhalwe ngokucacile futhi igcinwe ngamafomethi afinyeleleka kalula kuwo wonke umuntu ohilelekile. Lezi zinqubo zibalulekile ekulondolozeni ubuqotho bedatha nokufinyeleleka, izici ezibalulekile ukuze kuphumelele iphrojekthi yokuhlanganyela yombiko welebhu.
• Ukuxazulula izingxabano. Misa izinqubo ezicacile zokulungisa ukungaboni ngaso linye phakathi kwethimba. Gqugquzela isiko lenhlonipho nokuvuleleka, ukhuthaze amalungu eqembu ukuthi aveze imibono eyahlukene ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindiselwa. Uma kudingeka, sebenzisa amasu okulamula ukuze uxazulule izingxabano ngendlela eyakhayo, uqinisekise ukuthi wonke amazwi ayazwakala futhi izixazululo zitholakala ngokubambisana.
• Ukwakha indawo yokusebenzisana. Ukuphromotha indawo yokuhlanganyela kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yombiko welebhu futhi kwakha amakhono abalulekile wokusebenzisana. Uma amalungu eqembu esebenza kahle ndawonye, ​​angakwazi ukuzuza okungaphezu kwesamba sezingxenye zawo, okuholela emiphumeleni yocwaningo olusha noluphelele.

Izinqubo zokuhlola

Ngemva kokuchaza amandla okusebenzisana abalulekile ocwaningweni lwesayensi, sidlulisela ukugxila ezindleleni ezihlelekile ezisetshenziswa enqubweni yokuhlola. Lesi sigaba sibalulekile njengoba sichaza ngokucophelela inqubo ngayinye eyenziwa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa. Ukulandisa, okubhalwe esikhathini esidlule, kugqamisa ukunemba okudingekayo ukuze kugunyazwe isayensi futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi isilingo singaphindwaphindwa futhi sibuyekezwe ngokunembile.

Umklamo wokuhlola

Idizayini yokuhlola ibalulekile ekuhleleni ucwaningo lwesayensi. Icacisa ukuthi ukuhlolwa kuzosethwa kanjani nokuthi okuhlukile kuzoqhathaniswa kanjani. Le ndlela ibalulekile ukuze kuncishiswe ukuchema nokuqinisekisa imiphumela efanele. Kuye ngohlobo locwaningo, imiklamo ehlukene ingasetshenziswa ukubhekana nemibuzo ethile yocwaningo ngempumelelo. Isibonelo, idizayini ephakathi kwezihloko ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukutadisha imiphumela yezimo ezihlukene emaqenjini ahlukene, ukwehlisa ubungozi bokuphazamiseka kanye nemiphumela yokudlulisa engase ihlanekezele imiphumela.

Isibonelo 'somthelela wokuchayeka kokukhanya kumazinga okukhula kwezitshalo':

Izitshalo zikabhontshisi zahlukaniswa ngokuhlelekile zaba amaqembu amathathu ahlukene ngokusekelwe ezingeni lokuchayeka kokukhanya—okuphansi, okumaphakathi, nokuphezulu. Le ndlela ivumele iqembu ngalinye ukuthi livezwe kuphela esimweni salo sokukhanya esiqondile phakathi nesikhathi socwaningo. Ukusetha okunjalo kubalulekile ekulinganiseni ngokunembile ukuthi amandla okukhanya ahlukene akuthinta kanjani ukukhula kwesitshalo, umbuzo obalulekile ku-photobiology ohlola ukuthi ukukhanya kuzithonya kanjani izinto eziphilayo. Ukuqonda le miphumela kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izimo emisebenzini yezolimo, ikakhulukazi ezolimo ezilawulwa yimvelo.

Tifundvo letifundvwa

Uma uchaza izihloko zokuhlolwa kwakho, kubalulekile ukucacisa izici zazo ezifanele. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ulwazi lwezibalo zabantu noma lwezofuzo lwezifundo zabantu noma zezilwane, kanye nemininingwane efana nezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukuhlukahluka, kanye nezici ezibalulekile zofuzo zocwaningo lwezezitshalo noma lwezemvelo. Ukwengeza, isho ngokucacile inombolo yezifundo noma amasampula eqenjini ngalinye lokuhlola ukuze ucacise isikali socwaningo.

Isibonelo "somthelela wokuchayeka kokukhanya kumazinga okukhula kwezitshalo":

Kulesi sivivinyo, Phaseolus vulgaris (izitshalo zikabhontshisi ovamile) zikhethwe njengezifundo ngenxa yezinga lokukhula ngokushesha nokuzwakalisa ukuzwela ekukhanyeni, okuzenza zilungele ukutadisha izimpendulo ze-photobiological. Ukuqinisekisa ukuhlaziya okuqinile okuqhathanisayo kuzo zonke izimo zokukhanya ezihlukahlukene, izitshalo eziyishumi nanhlanu zasetshenziswa eqenjini ngalinye kulawa amathathu—ukukhanya okuphansi, okuphakathi, nokuphezulu. Lezi zitshalo zazifana ngokwezakhi zofuzo, zonke zithathwe emugqeni owodwa wokuzalanisa, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi noma yimuphi umehluko obonwayo ekukhuleni kungase kubalulwe ngokuthembekile izimo zokukhanya zokuhlola kunokuba kube nokuhlukahluka kofuzo. Lokhu kulawula kubalulekile ekuhlukaniseni imithelela ethile yokuchayeka kokukhanya ekukhuleni kwezitshalo, ngaleyo ndlela kunikeze imininingwane enembe kakhulu yokuthi amandla okukhanya akuthonya kanjani ukukhiqiza kwezolimo.

Materials

Isigaba sokubalulekile sombiko welebhu kufanele sihlanganise ngokuningiliziwe zonke izisetshenziswa nezinto ezisetshenziswa esivivinyweni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphindaphinda okunembile. Bandakanya okusebenzisekayo, amathuluzi, nanoma yiziphi izisetshenziswa eziyisipesheli, ezinikeza izincazelo ezinemininingwane kanye nokucaciswa lapho kudingeka khona.

Isibonelo, kokuthi "Umphumela Wokuchayeka Kokukhanya Kumazinga Okukhula Kwezitshalo," izinto ezithile ziyadingeka ukuze kulawulwe futhi kukale okuguquguqukayo okuthinta ukukhula kwesitshalo. Nalu uhlu olunemininingwane eyenzelwe lolu cwaningo oluthile:

45 imbewu kabhontshisi (Phaseolus vulgaris): Ikhethelwe ukufana ngosayizi nempilo ukuze kuqinisekiswe izimo zokuqala ezingaguquki kuwo wonke amaqembu okuhlola. Ukubumba inhlabathi: Ingxube esezingeni ekhethelwe ukufaneleka kwayo ekukhuleni kwezitshalo zasendlini, ukuze kuqinisekiswe izimo zenhlabathi ezifanayo kuwo wonke amaqembu okuhlola ahlukene. 15 izimbiza zokutshala: Ibhodwe ngalinye linobubanzi obungu-15 cm, linikeza indawo eyanele yokukhula ngakunye kwesitshalo ngasinye. Izibani zokukhulisa i-spectrum egcwele: Misa ukuqina okuthathu okuhlukene ukuze kusungulwe izimo zokukhanya ezihlukene zamaqembu okuhlola—200 lux (phansi), 500 lux (omaphakathi), kanye 800 lux (phezulu). Ukukhethwa kwalokhu kuqina okuthile kwakusekelwe ocwaningweni lokuqala oluphakamisa ukuthi lobu bubanzi bunikeza ama-gradient afanele okutadisha imiphumela yamandla okukhanya. Imitha ye-Lux: Isetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubukhulu bokukhanya bangempela obutholwa yiqembu ngalinye lesitshalo bufana nezidingo zedizayini yokuhlola. Ababusi: Isetshenziselwa ukulinganisa okunembile kokukhula kwesitshalo kulo lonke ucwaningo.

Lokhu kufakwa kuhlu okunemininingwane yezinto kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo kugqamisa ukulawulwa ngokucophelela kwezinto eziguquguqukayo ezibalulekile ekuhloleni imiphumela yokuchayeka kokukhanya ekukhuleni kwesitshalo. Ngokunikeza lokhu kucacisiwe, ukusethwa kokuhlolwa kuyacaciswa futhi kungaphindwa ngokunembile.

Izimo zokuhlola

Ukugcina izimo zokuhlola ezilawulwayo kubalulekile ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi imiphumela oyibonayo ibangelwa ngokuqondile okuguquguqukayo okuhlolwayo. Ezivivinyweni zokukhula kwezitshalo, izici ezibalulekile zemvelo njengezinga lokushisa, umswakama, nemijikelezo yokukhanya zingathinta kakhulu imiphumela futhi zidinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela.

Isibonelo "somthelela wokuchayeka kokukhanya kumazinga okukhula kwezitshalo":

Ocwaningweni, ukuhlolwa kwenziwa endaweni elawulwa ngokucophelela ukuze kuhlukaniswe imiphumela yokuchayeka kokukhanya ekukhuleni kwezitshalo. Izinga lokushisa lagcinwa lihlala lingama-24℃, izinga elaziwa ngokusekela ukukhula okuhle kwezinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo ezivamile, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi okuguquguqukayo okushisayo akuguquki imiphumela. Umswakamo ububanjwe ungaguquki ku-60%, osiza ekuvimbeleni ukulahleka komswakama ngokweqile emhlabathini nasemahlamvu, into ebalulekile ekugcineni izimo zokukhula ezingashintshi. Ukuchayeka okukhanyayo, okuhlukile okuyinhloko okuphenywayo, bekuhlukanisiwe kuwo wonke amaqembu okuhlola. Izitshalo zavezwa ku-light intensity ye-200 lux, 500 lux, kanye ne-800 lux emaqenjini aphansi, aphakathi, naphezulu, ngokulandelana. Lawa mazinga akhethwe ukumboza ububanzi obusuka ngaphansi kokulungile ukuya ekuchayekeni kokukhanya okungaphezulu kokulungile, njengoba kuphakanyiswe izincwadi zokuqala, ukuze kunqunywe izimo zokukhanya ezilungile zokukhula kwezitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqembu ngalinye lithole ukukhanya kwamahora angu-12 ngosuku, lilingisa umjikelezo wokukhanya wemvelo, okubalulekile ekugcineni isigqi semvelo sezitshalo.

Lezi zimo zazihlolwa njalo futhi zilungiswe njengoba kudingeka ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa. Lokhu kulawula ngokucophelela izici zemvelo kuqinisekisa ukuthi noma yimuphi umehluko ekukhuleni kwezitshalo ungaxhunyaniswa ngokucacile namazinga okuchayeka ekukhanyeni, okwenza imiphumela ibe semthethweni futhi ithembeke.

Izinqubo

Lesi sigaba sombiko welebhu sibonisa izinyathelo ezithathiwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isilingo singaphindwa ngokunembile. Kubalulekile ukuchaza lezi zinqubo ngokucacile nangokufingqiwe, unikeze imininingwane eyanele yokuphindaphinda kuyilapho ugwema ulwazi oludlulele olungase luxake umfundi.

Isibonelo "somthelela wokuchayeka kokukhanya kumazinga okukhula kwezitshalo":

Ocwaningweni, imbewu kabhontshisi yahlwanyelwa ezimbizeni ezingazodwana, ngayinye igcwaliswe ngenani elilinganayo lenhlabathi yobumba ukuze kuqinisekiswe izimo zenhlabathi ezifanayo. Lezi zimbiza zazibekwe endaweni ezungezile elawulwayo ukuze zisekele ukuhluma, lapho izinga lokushisa nomswakama kwakugcinwa ngokucophelela ngamazinga afanele. Ngemuva kokuhluma, izithombo ezingaphezulu ziyancishiswa, kusale isitshalo esisodwa ebhodweni ngalinye. Lesi sinyathelo besibalulekile ukuze kuqedwe ukuncintisana ngezinsiza ezifana nokukhanya, imisoco, nendawo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi noma imuphi umehluko obonakalayo ekukhuleni ungabalelwa ngokuqondile ezimweni ezihlukahlukene zokukhanya. Izitshalo zabe sezibelwa ngokuhlelekile emaqenjini azo—ukukhanya okuphansi, okuphakathi, nokuphezulu—ngokomklamo wokuhlola. Kuso sonke isikhathi sokufunda esiyizinsuku ezingama-30, ubude besitshalo ngasinye babulinganiswa masonto onke ukusuka phansi ebhodweni kuya phezulu kwesiqu esikhulu kusetshenziswa irula. Izilinganiso zazithathwa ngokuqhubekayo ngesikhathi esifanayo isonto ngalinye ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunemba. Lokhu kuqapha okuvamile bekubalulekile ekulandeleleni izilinganiso zokukhula ezihambisana nokuchayeka kokukhanya okuhlukene.

Ngokuchaza isinyathelo ngasinye kusukela ekutshalweni kuya ezigabeni zokulinganisa, ukuhlola kubonisa indlela ehlelekile yokuhlola imiphumela yamazinga okukhanya ekukhuleni kwezitshalo, okuvumela ukuphindaphinda okucacile nokuqinisekiswa kokutholwe.

ukuhlaziywa kolwazi

Isigaba sokuhlaziya idatha sombiko walebhu kufanele siveze ngokucacile izindlela zezibalo ezisetshenziswa ukuze kuhunyushwe idatha eqoqwe phakathi nokuhlolwa. Kubalulekile ukucacisa ngemininingwane yokuhlolwa kwezibalo okusetshenzisiwe, kanye nanoma iyiphi isofthiwe noma amathuluzi enze ukuhlaziya, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi inqubo isobala futhi iyaphinda.

Isibonelo "somthelela wokuchayeka kokukhanya kumazinga okukhula kwezitshalo":

Kulolu cwaningo, idatha yokukhula eqoqwe yahlaziywa kusetshenziswa i-Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Lokhu kuhlolwa kwezibalo kusebenza kahle kakhulu ekuqhathaniseni izindlela kuwo wonke amaqembu angaphezu kwamabili futhi ngenxa yalokho kwakhethwa ukuhlola izimpendulo zokukhula ezihlukene ngaphansi kwezimo zokukhanya okuphansi, okumaphakathi, nokuphezulu. I-ANOVA yasiza ekutholeni ukuthi ingabe umehluko kumazinga okukhula kwezitshalo ububalulekile ngokwezibalo. Kulandela i-ANOVA yokuqala, ukuhlolwa kwe-post-hoc kwenziwa ukuze kutholakale umehluko oqondile phakathi kwamapheya athile wamaqembu okuchayeka ekukhanyeni. Lezi zivivinyo zibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi yimaphi amazinga athile okukhanya athinta kakhulu ukukhula kwezitshalo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye. Konke ukuhlaziya kwezibalo kwenziwa kusetshenziswa isofthiwe yezibalo ethuthukisiwe, okuthuthukisa ukunemba nokuthembeka kwemiphumela. Le ndlela eqinile yokuhlaziywa kwedatha iqinisekisa ukuthi okutholakele akunikezeli nje kuphela ukuqonda okucacile emiphumeleni yokuchayeka kokukhanya okuhlukahlukene ekukhuleni kwezitshalo kodwa futhi kuyaphindaphindeka ezifundweni zesikhathi esizayo, okunikela kakhulu emkhakheni we-photobiology yezitshalo.

Ukujwayela izindlela zokuhlola okuthile

Indlela yombiko welebhu kufanele ihambisane nezidingo ezithile zokuhlolwa futhi ihlangabezane nanoma yimiphi imihlahlandlela ehlinzekwa iziphathimandla zemfundo noma zokushicilela. Akuzona zonke izivivinyo ezizodinga imininingwane egcwele yazo zonke izingxenye zendlela okuxoxwe ngazo. Ngezansi umhlahlandlela omfushane wokuthi kufanele kufakwe nini izigaba ezithile zendlela yokusebenza:

• Umklamo wokuhlola. Ibalulekile kuyo yonke imibiko yelebhu, ibonisa ukwakheka kocwaningo futhi kufanele ihlale ifakiwe.
• Tifundvo letifundvwa. Kudingeka uma ucwaningo lubandakanya izifundo zebhayoloji (umuntu, isilwane, noma isitshalo); kungenjalo, kungase kweqiwe noma kuphawulwe kafushane.
• Materials. Kubalulekile kukho konke ukuhlola ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana; faka uhlu olunemininingwane yazo zonke izinto ezisetshenzisiwe.
• Izimo zokuhlola. Faka phakathi uma izici zemvelo zidlala indima ebalulekile emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa.
• Izinqubo. Cacisa ngokucacile izinyathelo ezithathwe phakathi nokuhlolwa ukuze uvumele ukuphindaphinda okunembile. Lesi sigaba kufanele sibe nemininingwane eyanele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abanye bangakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha imiphumela kodwa kube mfushane ngokwanele ukugwema ulwazi olungaphandle. Ibalulekile ekuboniseni ukufaneleka kokuhlolwa kanye nezinjongo zemfundo.
• ukuhlaziywa kolwazi. Chaza izivivinyo zezibalo namathuluzi asetshenziswa ukuhlaziya idatha; lesi sigaba sibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi iziphetho zithathwe kanjani kudatha.

Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi emibikweni yelebhu

Ngemva kokuhlola izindlela zokuhlola ngokuningiliziwe, kubalulekile ukugxila ezilinganisweni zokulawula ikhwalithi eziphakamisa ukwethembeka kokutholé kwakho emibikweni yelebhu. Ukugcina ukunemba okuphezulu nokuthembeka ekubikeni kwesayensi kubalulekile—kuyingxenye ebalulekile yocwaningo oluthembekile. Lesi sigaba sichaza izinyathelo ezibalulekile ezidingekayo ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi idatha oyiqoqayo yombiko welebhu yakho ivumelekile futhi ithembekile:

• Ukulinganiswa kwemishini. Kubalulekile ukuhlola njalo nokujwayela amathuluzi afana nezikali, amamitha we-pH, namanye amathuluzi esayensi. Ukulinganisa okulungile kuqinisekisa ukuthi lawa mathuluzi ahlangabezana nezindinganiso ezidingekayo, okukunikeza izilinganiso ezinembile ezibalulekile ekuhloleni okuphindayo.
• Ukuphindaphinda kwemiphumela. Ukufakazela ukuthi ukuhlola kwakho kuthembekile, kufanele ukwazi ukukuphinda ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo futhi uthole imiphumela engaguquki. Lokhu kuphindaphindwa kuqinisekisa ukuthi okutholile kuthembekile.
• Ukubuyekezwa kontanga kokutholakele. Ngaphambi kokuthi uqedele noma ushicilele imiphumela yakho, kufanele ibuyekezwe abanye ochwepheshe kulo mkhakha. Le nqubo yokubuyekeza ihlola idizayini yokuhlolwa kwakho, ukwenziwa kwayo, kanye nendlela oyichaze ngayo imiphumela, okusiza ukuthuthukisa ucwaningo nokuqinisekisa ukuthi iziphetho zizwakala.

Ukusebenzisa lezi zinqubo akuthuthukisi nje kuphela ubuqotho bombiko welebhu kodwa futhi kuqinisa ukubaluleka kwesayensi kocwaningo. Ngokunamathela kule mihlahlandlela, abacwaningi baqinisekisa ukuthi umsebenzi wabo unomthelela ngokuthembekile emphakathini wesayensi obanzi.

Ukuxazulula izinkinga ezivamile emibikweni yelebhu

Ngokwakhela phezu kwengxoxo yethu yokulawulwa kwekhwalithi emibikweni yelebhu, kubalulekile ngokufanayo ukubhekana nendlela yokusingatha izinkinga ezingalindelekile ezivame ukuvela phakathi nalokhu kuhlolwa. Lesi sigaba sombiko walebhu sihlinzeka ngamasu asebenzayo okuhlonza nokuxazulula izinkinga ezivamile, ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho nokuthembeka kwemiphumela yakho yokuhlola:

• Ihlonza imithombo yephutha. Hlola njalo amathuluzi akho ukuze uthole amaphutha okulinganisa futhi uqinisekise ukuthi zonke izinto ezisetshenziswayo ziyahlangabezana nezicaciso ezidingekayo zombiko welebhu yakho. Hlala uqaphile amaphutha abantu, okuhlanganisa ukunemba esilinganisweni nasekulobeni, okungase kuhlanekezele idatha ngokuphawulekayo.
• Ukwenza izinguquko kundiza. Lungela ukushintsha ukusetha kokuhlolwa kombiko wakho welebhu uma uhlangabezana nemiphumela engalindelekile noma ukwehluleka kwezisetshenziswa. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise amathuluzi okulungisa, ukushintsha izingxenye eziphukile, noma ukushintsha izilungiselelo zokuhlola ukuze zifane nalokho okubonayo.
• Ukunquma ukuthi uzophinda nini ukuhlola. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ungaqala nini ukuhlola embikweni wakho walebhu uma izinto zingahambanga njengoba bekuhleliwe. Kufanele ucabange ukuphinda ukuhlola uma imiphumela ihluke kakhulu kulokho obukulindele, noma uma izinkinga zemishini eziqhubekayo bezingase zibe nomthelela kumphumela.

Ngokuzilungiselela ngalawa masu okuxazulula inkinga ombiko wakho walebhu, uthuthukisa ikhono lakho lokuzulazula ezinseleleni zomsebenzi wokuhlola, okubalulekile ekuphakamiseni ubuqiniso nokuthembeka kokutholile.

Uhlolojikelele lwemiphumela

Lesi sigaba sombiko wakho walebhu sethula okutholakele kusuka ekuhlaziyweni kwakho kokuhlola. Kubalulekile ukukhombisa ngokucacile ukuthi idatha isekela noma iphonsela inselelo imibono yakho yokuqala, udale isixhumanisi esiphusile kusuka ezindleleni ezisetshenziswayo kuya emiphumeleni eboniwe. Nansi imiphumela ebalulekile okufanele ifakwe:

• izibalo okuchazayo. Nikeza ngezibalo eziyisisekelo ezifana nezindlela, ama-medians, noma izindlela lapho kufanele khona.
• Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwezibalo. Nikeza imininingwane ngemiphumela yanoma yikuphi ukuhlola kwezibalo okwenziwe, okufana nokuhlolwa kwe-t noma ama-ANOVA.
• Ukubaluleka kwemiphumela yokuhlolwa. Chaza amanani we-p noma ezinye izilinganiso zokubaluleka kwezibalo ezibonisa ukwethembeka kwemiphumela yakho.
• Izilinganiso zokuhlukahluka. Bandakanya izilinganiso ezifana nephutha elijwayelekile, ukuchezuka okujwayelekile, noma izikhawu zokuzithemba ukuze unikeze ukuqonda ngokuhlukahluka kwedatha.

Isibonelo "somthelela wokuchayeka kokukhanya kumazinga okukhula kwezitshalo":

Isilinganiso sokukhula kwezitshalo ezichayeke ezimweni eziphansi, ezimaphakathi, neziphakeme zokukhanya kwakungu-2 cm, 5 cm, no-3.5 cm ngesonto, ngokulandelana. Ukuhlaziywa Kokuhluka (ANOVA) kwasetshenziswa ukuze kuhlolwe umthelela wamandla okukhanya kumazinga okukhula kwezitshalo, okuveza umehluko ophawulekayo ngokwezibalo (p = .01) phakathi kwamaqembu. Ukuhlola okwalandela ngemva kwe-hoc kwaqinisekisa inkolelo-mbono eyinhloko: izitshalo ezisesimweni sokukhanya okumaphakathi zibonise ukukhula okukhulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nalezo ezingaphansi kwezimo zokukhanya okuphansi nokuphezulu, okusekela ukubikezela kwethu mayelana nokukhanyisa okuphelele ekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo.

Embikweni welebhu, chaza ngokucacile imiphumela embhalweni, futhi usebenzise amathebula noma izibalo ukuze ubonise idatha eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ugqamise amaphethini noma amathrendi owabonile. Ukuze uthole idatha enemininingwane efana nezinombolo ezingavuthiwe, ungasho lezi esigabeni "Izithasiselo" sombiko wakho walebhu. Ngale ndlela, umbiko wakho uhlala kulula ukuwufunda kuyilapho unikeza yonke imininingwane edingekayo.

Ngokuhlolwa okubandakanya izindlela ezinemininingwane, faka izibalo ezithile eziyisibonelo. Chaza ukuthi kungani lezi zibalo bezidingeka futhi uzibonise usebenzisa izimpawu nokubhala okulula ukuziqonda. Lokhu kusiza ukwenza izindlela zokuhlaziya idatha embikweni welebhu yakho ziqondeke kalula.

Ukuhlaziya nokwethula idatha

Ngemva kokuxoxa ngemiphumela yokuhlola, kubalulekile ukuhumusha nokuxhumana ukuthi le miphumela isho ukuthini. Lesi sigaba sigxile kumathuluzi namasu okuhlaziya idatha yezibalo kanye nokwethulwa okubonakalayo embikweni wakho walebhu. Ukusetshenziswa ngendlela efanele kwalezi zindlela kuqinisekisa ukunemba ekuchazeni nasekucaciseni umbiko, okwenza idatha yakho iqondakale futhi isekele iziphetho zakho zocwaningo ngempumelelo.

Amathuluzi okuhlaziya izibalo

Ukukhetha amathuluzi afanelekile kubalulekile ekuhlaziyeni idatha okuqinile ocwaningweni lwesayensi. Nakhu ukubuka konke kwesofthiwe yezibalo evame ukusetshenziswa engathuthukisa ukujula kokuhlaziya kombiko wakho walebhu:

• I-SPSS. Iyaziwa ngokusebenziseka kwayo kalula, i-SPSS ifanele labo abasanda kuhlelwa izinhlelo futhi yenza ukuhlolwa kwezibalo okujwayelekile ngempumelelo, ikwenze kube ukukhetha okungokoqobo kwemibiko eminingi yelebhu.
• R. Inikeza amaphakheji abanzi okuhlaziya izibalo namamodeli ezithombe. Idinga ulwazi oluthile lokuhlela kodwa iguquguquka kakhulu, ilungele imibiko yelebhu edinga ukumodela okunemininingwane yezibalo.
• Python. Iphelele ekuhlaziyweni kwedatha enemininingwane, i-Python ihlanganisa imitapo yolwazi efana ne-Pandas ne-SciPy, ekahle ekuphatheni amasethi edatha amakhulu nokwenza ukuhlaziya okuthuthukile. I-Python futhi inhle ekuhlanganiseni ukuhlaziywa kwedatha enemininingwane nemisebenzi yokucubungula idatha ebanzi, ukuthuthukisa ukuqondana kwemibiko yelebhu.

Ukukhethwa kwethuluzi kuncike ezidingweni ezithile kanye nobunkimbinkimbi bedatha yombiko wakho walebhu. Izinsiza eziningi eziku-inthanethi, okuhlanganisa okokufundisa nezinkundla, ziyatholakala ukuze zikusize ube yingcweti kulawa mathuluzi ombiko wakho walebhu.

Ukwethulwa kwedatha kanye nokuboniswa

Ukwethula idatha yakho ngempumelelo kubalulekile njengokuhlaziya ngokwako. Nazi izinqubo ezihamba phambili zokubona ngeso lengqondo lokho okutholwe wucwaningo embikweni wakho zelebhu:

• Ukukhetha uhlobo olulungile lweshadi noma igrafu. Qondanisa amathuluzi abonakalayo nohlobo lwedatha yakho kanye nendaba yombiko wakho walebhu. Sebenzisa amabha amashadi ukuze uqhathanise, amagrafu emigqa ukuze ubonise okuthrendayo, kanye nesiqephu sokusabalalisa ukuze ubonise ubudlelwano.
• Ukwenza idatha ifinyeleleke ngokubonakalayo. Gwema ukungahambi kahle ezibukweni zakho. Sebenzisa amalebula acacile, amalejendi, kanye nokugqama kwemibala okusebenzayo ukuze wenze amagrafu akho aqondeke kalula kuwo wonke umuntu, okuhlanganisa nalabo abanezinselele ezibonakalayo. Lesi sinyathelo sibalulekile ekubandakanyekeni nasekusebenzeni kahle kombiko wakho walebhu.
• Ukusebenzisa amathuluzi esoftware. Sebenzisa amathuluzi afana ne-Microsoft Excel, i-Google Charts, noma i-Tableau ukuze udale ukubonwa okusebenzayo nokunokuqonda. Lawa mathuluzi amukela amazinga ahlukahlukene obuchwepheshe futhi athuthukisa ukukhanga okubonakalayo kombiko wakho walebhu.

Ukusebenzisa lezi zindlela kuzothuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokwethulwa kwedatha yakho, kuqinisekise ukuthi okutholwe embikweni welebhu yakho kokubili kuyafinyeleleka futhi kunomthelela.

Ingxoxo ngokutholakele

Esinye sezigaba zokugcina zombiko welebhu yakho, "Ingxoxo", inikeza ithuba lokuhumusha okutholile, ukukhombisa ukucabanga okujulile, nokuxoxa ngemithelela ebanzi yokuhlolwa kwakho. Le ngxenye yombiko walebhu ixhumanisa imiphumela yakho nemibono yokuqala kanye nomongo obanzi wocwaningo olukhona. Nazi izici ezibalulekile okufanele zibhekiswe:

• Ukuhunyushwa kwemiphumela. Chaza ngokucacile ukuthi okutholakele kuwuphendula kanjani umbuzo wakho wocwaningo. Ingabe idatha isekele imibono yakho yokuqala mayelana nemiphumela yokuchayeka kokukhanya okuhlukene kumazinga okukhula kwezitshalo?
• Ukuqhathanisa nalokho okulindelekile. Qhathanisa imiphumela ebhekiwe nalokho okulindele noma izibikezelo. Ingabe imiphumela yakho ihambisana noma ihluke kanjani ezifundweni zangaphambilini noma amathrendi alindelekile ku-photobiology?
• Imithombo yephutha. Thola amaphutha okungenzeka abe nomthelela emiphumeleni yakho, njengokulinganiselwa kwezinto zokusebenza, amaphutha enqubo, noma izici zangaphandle ezingalawulwa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa.
• Okutholakele okungalindelekile. Xoxa nganoma yimaphi amathrendi angalindelekile noma amaphuzu edatha bese uphakamisa izizathu zokuvela kwawo. Cabangela ukuthi lokhu okutholakele kungalwazisa kanjani ucwaningo lwangomuso.
• Ukuthuthukiswa kanye nocwaningo olwengeziwe. Phakamisa ukuthi izivivinyo zesikhathi esizayo zingayilungisa kanjani le miphumela. Xoxa ngezinto ezihlukile ezengeziwe ezingalawulwa noma izilinganiso ezingase zinikeze imininingwane ejulile.

Isicelo "Kumthelela wokuchayeka kokukhanya kumazinga okukhula kwezitshalo":

Okutholakele kwethu kubonise ukuthi izitshalo ezichayeke ezimeni zokukhanya okumaphakathi zinezilinganiso zokukhula eziphakeme kakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa nalezo ezisesimweni sokukhanya okuphansi nokuphezulu, okusekela umbono wethu oyinhloko. Lokhu kuphakamisa amandla okukhanya alungile ukuze kukhuliswe ukukhula, ukuvumelanisa nemithetho ye-photobiology ebuka ukukhanya njengento ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo. Ngokuphambene nalokho obekulindelekile, izitshalo ezisezimweni zokukhanya okuphezulu azizange zisebenze njengoba bekulindelekile. Lokhu kuchezuka kungase kubangelwe ukuvinjwa kwesithombe okungase kube khona, lapho ukukhanya okugqame kakhulu konakalisa inqubo ye-photosynthesis, okungqubuzana nocwaningo oluthile lwangaphambili kodwa okusekelwa ezinye ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezitshalo. Umkhawulo ophawuliwe bekuyithuba lokuhlukahluka kwezimpendulo zesitshalo ngasinye ngenxa yezici zemvelo ezingalawuleki, njengokuguquguquka okuncane kwezinga lokushisa legumbi. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo lungase luhlanganise uhla olubanzi lokulawulwa kwemvelo noma luhlole izinhlobo zezitshalo ezihlukene ukuze kwenziwe okutholakele ngempumelelo kakhudlwana. Amandla ocwaningo ahlanganisa ukulawula okuqinile kwezimo zokukhanya kanye nendlela yokulinganisa ehlelekile, enikeza isisekelo esithembekile sokuqhathanisa amazinga okukhula kuzo zonke izimo zokukhanya ezihlukene. Noma kunjalo, ucwaningo lungathuthukiswa ngokuhlanganisa izilinganiso zeminye imingcele yokukhula, njengosayizi wamaqabunga nokuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll, ukunikeza umbono obanzi wempilo yezitshalo ngale kokunyuka nje kobude.

Isiphetho sombiko welebhu

Isiphetho sisebenza njengesisekelo sombiko wakho walebhu, sifinyeza kafushane lokho okutholakele okuwumongo wokuhlolwa kwakho. Kulesi sigaba, qokomisa imiphumela ebalulekile, phinda amandla nobuthakathaka bokuhlolwa, futhi uxoxe ngemithelela yocwaningo lwangomuso. Yilapho okufanele uqinisekise khona kafushane ukuthi imiphumela yakho ibhekana kanjani nemibuzo yocwaningo yokuqala kanye nemibono ecatshangelwayo, ukhomba ukuthi inikela kanjani endikimbeni yolwazi ekhona.

Nakuba eminye imibiko yelebhu ingase ingafaki ingxenye ehlukile ethi "Isiphetho" ngenxa yokushayisana kwayo "Nengxoxo," kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa nomfundisi wakho noma imihlahlandlela ethile enikeziwe. Uma sifakiwe, isiphetho akufanele sivele siphindaphinde ulwazi olusuka “Engxoxweni” kodwa kunalokho sigqamise iminikelo yesayensi iyonke kanye nemithelela engokoqobo, siphakamise izindawo okusazophenywa ngazo.

Isibonelo "somthelela wokuchayeka kokukhanya kumazinga okukhula kwezitshalo":

Sengiphetha, lolu cwaningo lubonise ukuthi izimo zokukhanya okuphakathi zikhuthaza ukukhula okuphawulekayo kwezitshalo ze-Phaseolus vulgaris. Lokhu okutholakele kusekela umbono wokuthi kukhona amandla okukhanya afanelekile okukhulisa ukukhula kwezitshalo, okuhambisana nemigomo ye-photobiology mayelana nokukhanya njengento ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo. Izimo ezilawulwayo zokuhlolwa kanye nezilinganiso zokukhula ezihlelekile zisize ukuqinisekisa ukwethembeka kwale miphumela. Nokho, umkhawulo wocwaningo usekugxileni kwaso ohlotsheni olulodwa lwesitshalo kanye nepharamitha yokukhula. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo lunganweba lokhu okutholakele ngokuhlola izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezahlukene kanye nezinkomba zokukhula ezengeziwe, njengokuqoqwa kwe-biomass, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukugcwaliseka kwale miphumela. Ukuqinisekisa lawa maphethini kuzo zonke izimo nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene kuzohlinzeka ngemininingwane ejulile ekusetshenzisweni okuphelele kokukhanya kwezolimo.

Thuthukisa umbiko wakho walebhu ngamasevisi ethu

Ngemva kokuphothula iziphetho zombiko wakho walebhu, ukuqinisekisa ubuqiniso nokucaca kwedokhumenti yakho kubalulekile ukuze uphumelele ezifundweni zakho nasemsebenzini. Uhlelo lwethu olubanzi lwezinsizakalo zakhelwe ukusekela lezi zidingo:

• Isihloli sokukopela. Isihloli sethu esithuthukisiwe sokukopela sinikeza amaphuzu anemininingwane afanayo, abalulekile ekunqumeni umsebenzi wakho ezincwadini zesayensi ezikhona. Ama-algorithms wokushaya amaphuzu athuthukile athola izimo ezicashile zokukopela, futhi amaphuzu engcuphe yokukopela ahlola amathuba okuthi izingxenye zombiko wakho zingabonwa njengezingezona ezoqobo. Ukuhlaziywa kwethu okunemininingwane yengcaphuno kuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izinkomba zibonwa ngokunembile futhi zicashunwe ngendlela efanele, okubalulekile ekugcineni ukwethembeka nobuqotho ekubhaleni kwesayensi.
• Ukususwa kwe-Plagiarism. Abahleli bethu abangochwepheshe basebenza ngokukhethekile ekubuyekezeni nasekuthuthukiseni umbiko wakho ngokususa izigaba eziyinkinga, ngokungeza izingcaphuno ezingekho, ukubhala kabusha okuqukethwe kahle, nokulungisa izingcaphuno ezingafanele. Le ndlela ebanzi iqinisekisa ukuthi umsebenzi wakho unamathela emazingeni aphezulu kakhulu obuqotho bezemfundo, ilungiselela umbiko wakho ukuze uhlolwe okubalulekile kwezemfundo kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi usukaphi.
• Ukubuyekezwa kwedokhumenti. Phakamisa ikhwalithi yombiko wakho walebhu ngesevisi yethu yokubukeza amadokhumenti, ehlanganisa ukuhlola okunemininingwane nokuhlela okuphelele ukuze kuthuthukiswe uhlelo lolimi, isitayela, ukuhambisana, nokugeleza. Abahleli bethu abanekhono banamathela ezindinganisweni zokuhlela eziphakeme kakhulu, belungisa idokhumenti yakho ibe ucezu olucacile noluphoqelelayo lokuxhumana kwesayensi.

Lawa mathuluzi adizayinelwe ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yombiko wakho walebhu futhi aqinisekise ukuthi uphuma phambili ekuhloleni kwezemfundo nokochwepheshe. Sebenzisa amasevisi ethu ukwenza ukuxhumana kwakho kwesayensi kucace futhi kube nomthelela.

Imicabango yokuphetha ngokulungiselela umbiko welebhu osebenzayo

Ukwenza ubuciko bokubhala umbiko welebhu ophelele futhi osebenzayo kubalulekile kunoma yimuphi umfundi kwezesayensi. Lo mhlahlandlela ukuhambise esinyathelweni ngasinye esibucayi senqubo yombiko welebhu, kusukela ekuhleleni nasekuqhubeni izivivinyo kuya ekuhlaziyeni idatha kanye nokwethula okutholile. Ngokuqonda nokusebenzisa imigomo echazwe lapha, uzothuthukisa amakhono akho ezemfundo futhi ulungele izidingo ezinzima zocwaningo lwesayensi ezimweni zomhlaba wangempela. Yamukela le mihlahlandlela ukuze ukhuphule amakhono akho okubika elebhu futhi unikele ngokuzethemba emphakathini wesayensi. Ngokuzinikezela nokuzijwayeza, ungaguqula wonke umbiko walebhu ube yithuba lokufunda nokukhula kochwepheshe.