Izingcaphuno, izinongo zokubhala, inothisa imibhalo ngokwengeza ukujula, izimpikiswano ezisekelayo, nokukhombisa imibono. Lo mhlahlandlela uhlola ukusetshenziswa kwawo ngempumelelo ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zokubhala, kusukela ocwaningweni lwezemfundo kuya ekuhlaziyeni izincwadi. Sizophenya ekuqondeni izingcaphuno, ukubaluleka kwazo, kanye nezindlela zokucaphuna zokuba yinhloko. Funda ukuhlanganisa kalula izingcaphuno emsebenzini wakho, ukugwema ukukopela nokuthuthukisa izimpikiswano zakho. Isihloko sinikeza izeluleko ezisebenzayo zokusebenzisa izingcaphuno ku indaba futhi ucwaningo, okuhlanganisa amafomethi alungile engcaphuno kanye nokuhlanganisa izingcaphuno zokubhala okunomthelela.
Ukuqonda izingcaphuno: Imvelo kanye nezinhlobo zazo
Ingcaphuno empeleni iyisegimenti yombhalo noma isitatimende esibolekwe emthonjeni wangaphandle. Imele amagama angadaliwe ekuqaleni noma akhiwe umlobi ewasebenzisa. Ngokuvamile, izingcaphuno zingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezahlukene:
- oqondile. Lezi izingcaphuno zezwi nezwi ezivela komunye umbhalo noma amagama akhulunywayo, aphindaphindeka ngendlela avela ngayo noma abeshiwo ngayo.
- Okungaqondile (ukuchaza). Lapha, kunikezwa ingqikithi yombhalo wokuqala noma inkulumo, kodwa amagama ayashintshwa ukuze avumelane nokulandisa kombhali.
- Vimba. Isetshenziselwa izingcaphuno ezinde, ngokuvamile ezifomethwe ngokuhlukile embhalweni omkhulu ukuze kugqanyiswe imvelo yazo ebolekiwe.
- Ngokwengxenye. Lezi izingcezu zomthombo, ezihlanganiswe nesakhiwo somusho wombhali.
Amagama athi "quotation" nelithi "quote" avame ukusetshenziswa ngokushintshana, nakuba anomehluko omncane ekusetshenzisweni:
- "Quote" livame ukusetshenziswa njengesenzo ukuchaza isenzo sokuthatha noma ukuphindaphinda amagama komunye umthombo.
- "Ingcaphuno" yibizo elibhekisela emagameni angempela athathwe kulowo mthombo.
Kule ngxoxo, sizophinde sihlole ukuthi lezi zinhlobo ezahlukene zezingcaphuno zingasetshenziswa kanjani ngempumelelo ekubhaleni kwakho, hhayi nje ukunamathela kumazinga emfundo kodwa futhi nokunothisa umbhalo wakho ngamaphimbo ahlukahlukene kanye nemibono.
Njengoba uhlola izinhlobo ezahlukene zezingcaphuno, khumbula ukubaluleka kokwangempela emsebenzini wakho. Isihloli sethu sokukopela kungasiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukubhala kwakho kuhlala kuhlukile futhi kungenakho ukukopisha okungahlosiwe, ingozi evamile lapho usebenzisa imithombo yangaphandle. bhalisela bese uzama inkundla yethu ukusekela ubuqotho bakho kwezemfundo.
Iqhaza elibalulekile lezingcaphuno ekubhaleni
Izingcaphuno zibalulekile ekubhaleni ngezizathu ezimbalwa ezibalulekile, ikakhulukazi ukuze kugcinwe ubuqotho ezifundweni ngokugwema ukukopela. Ukucwasa, umkhuba ongekho emthethweni wokusebenzisa umsebenzi womunye umuntu ngaphandle kokuqashelwa okufanele, ungaholela emiphumeleni enzima ezilungiselelweni zezemfundo nezomsebenzi. Nakhu ukuthi kungani izingcaphuno zibalulekile:
- Ukuvimbela ukukopela. Imithombo yokucaphuna ngendlela efanele iqinisekisa ukuthi ababhali banikeza udumo ngemibono yokuqala noma amazwi abanye, ngaleyo ndlela behlonipha impahla yengqondo.
- Imiphumela yokukopela. Ukwehluleka ukucaphuna ngendlela efanele kungaholela emiphumeleni engathi sína, njengezijeziso zezemfundo, ukonakala kwesithunzi, nokulahlekelwa ukwethembeka.
- Ukwakha ukwethembeka. Ukusebenzisa izingcaphuno ezinezingcaphuno ezifanele kukhombisa ucwaningo oluningiliziwe futhi kwenezela ukwethembeka emsebenzini wombhali.
- Umkhuba wokubhala ngokuziphatha. Akuwona nje umthetho kodwa umkhuba wokuziphatha wokubhala ovuma amagalelo ezinye izazi noma imithombo.
Ngokuqonda ukubaluleka kwezingcaphuno nokunamathela emithethweni yokucaphuna, ababhali bangahlanganisa ngempumelelo imibono yangaphandle emsebenzini wabo kuyilapho begcina izindinganiso zokubhala zokuziphatha.
Ibhekisela ekhotheshini
Ukuqonda indlela yokubhekisela izingcaphuno ngokunembile kuyisici esidingekayo ukubhala kwezemfundo. Iqinisekisa ukuthi ababhali bokuqala bathola ikhredithi efanelekile ngomsebenzi wabo futhi igcina ubuqotho benqubo yokubhala. Izitayela zokucaphuna ezihlukene zinemithetho yazo ehlukile namafomethi. Lesi sigaba sizokuqondisa kunqubo yokucaphuna usebenzisa izitayela ze-Chicago, MLA, ne-APA, ngasinye sinemithetho namafomethi ahlukene afanele imikhakha yezemfundo eyahlukene.
Isitayela saseChicago
Izingcaphuno zesitayela saseChicago zivame ukusetshenziswa emlandweni nakwezinye isayensi yezenhlalo. Lesi sitayela sinikeza ukuguquguquka ekusebenziseni noma imibhalo yaphansi/amanothi okugcina noma izingcaphuno zombhalo wosuku lombhali.
| Izindlela zokubhekisela ku-a: | Chicago | Isibonelo |
| Book | Isibongo, Igama. Isihloko Sencwadi. Idolobha Lokushicilela: Umshicileli, Unyaka Wokushicilelwa. | Johnson, Emily. Umhlaba Wakusasa. ENew York: Ikusasa Press, 2020. |
| Iwebhusayithi | Isibongo Sombhali, Igama Lokuqala. "Isihloko Sesihloko." Igama lewebhusayithi. Usuku Lwenyanga olufinyelelwe, unyaka. I-URL | Burroughs, Amy. "I-TCEA 2021: Isifunda SaseTexas Sibhekana Nokuphepha Kusuka Ngaphakathi." EdTech Magazine. Ifinyelelwe ngo-Ephreli 10, 2023. https://edtechmagazine.com/k12/article/2021/02/tcea-2021-texas-district-tackles-security-inside-out |
| Isihloko sejenali | Ababhali. "Isihloko Sesihloko." Isihloko Sejenali, Umqulu, Ushicilelo, Unyaka, amakhasi. I-DOI noma i-URL uma ikhona. | Smith, John. "Izinto Ezintsha Kwesayensi." Ijenali ye-Modern Discoveries, vol. 10, no. 2, 2021, amakhasi 123-145. doi:10.1234/jmd.2021.12345. |
| Ifomethi yengcaphuno yombhalo | Imibhalo yaphansi noma imibhalo yokugcina ngokuvamile isetshenziswa ngesitayela saseChicago. Ifomethi ihlanganisa isibongo sombhali, isihloko sencwadi noma i-athikili (ifushanisiwe uma kudingeka), nezinombolo zekhasi. | (Smith, “Izintsha Zesayensi,” 130). |
Isitayela se-MLA
Isitayela se-MLA sihamba phambili ebuntwini, ikakhulukazi ezincwadini, ezilimini, nasezifundweni zamasiko. Le fomethi igxile kwisitayela senombolo yekhasi lombhali ngezingcaphuno ezingaphakathi kombhalo.
| Izindlela zokubhekisela ku-a: | I-MLA | Isibonelo |
| Book | Isibongo, Igama. Isihloko Sencwadi. Idolobha Lokushicilela: Umshicileli, Usuku Lokushicilela. | Smith, John. Umhlaba Wamarobhothi. ENew York: FutureTech Press, 2021. |
| Iwebhusayithi | Isibongo sombhali, Isibongo. "Isihloko Sesihloko." Igama lewebhusayithi, i-URL. Kufinyelelwe ku-Day Month Year. | Burroughs, Amy. "I-TCEA 2021: Isifunda SaseTexas Sibhekana Nokuphepha Kusuka Ngaphakathi." EdTech Magazine, 2021, https://edtechmagazine.com/k12/article/2021/02/tcea-2021-texas-district-tackles-security-inside-out. Ifinyelelwe ngomhla ka-10 Ephreli 2023. |
| Isihloko sejenali | Ababhali. "Isihloko Sesihloko." Isihloko Sejenali, Umqulu, Ushicilelo, Unyaka, amakhasi. I-DOI | Johnson, Alice, noMark Lee. "Ukuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu Namadolobha Asogwini." Environmental Studies, vol. 22, no. 3, 2020, amakhasi 101-120. doi:10.1010/es2020.1012. |
| Ifomethi yengcaphuno yombhalo | (Inombolo Yekhasi Isibongo Sombhali). | Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwamarobhothi kushintsha izimboni (Smith 45). |
Isitayela se-APA
Isitayela se-APA sisetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko kuPsychology, imfundo, kanye nesayensi ethile. Igqamisa ifomethi yedethi yombhali yezingcaphuno zombhalo.
| Izindlela zokubhekisela ku-a: | I-APA | Isibonelo |
| Book | Isibongo Sombhali, Eyokuqala Yokuqala Yesibili Yombhali Uma itholakala. (Unyaka Wokushicilelwa). Isihloko sencwadi. Igama lomshicileli. | UWilson, JF (2019). Ukuhlola i-Cosmos. I-Stellar Publishing. |
| Iwebhusayithi | Isibongo sombhali, Isibongo sokuqala. (Unyaka, Idethi Yenyanga Eshicilelwe). Isihloko sekhasi lewebhu. Igama lewebhusayithi. I-URL. | Burroughs, A. (2021, February). I-TCEA 2021: Isifunda saseTexas sibhekana nokuphepha kusuka ngaphakathi nangaphandle. EdTech Magazine. Ibuyiselwe ngo-Ephreli 10, 2023, kusuka https://edtechmagazine.com/k12/article/2021/02/tcea-2021-texas-district-tackles-security-inside-out. |
| Isihloko sejenali | Isibongo sombhali, Isibongo sokuqala. Isiqalo esimaphakathi (Unyaka). Isihloko. Isihloko Sejenali, Umqulu(Inkinga), uhla lwekhasi. I-DOI noma i-URL. | U-Geake, J. (2008). Amathrendi kubuchwepheshe bemfundo yedijithali. Ukubuyekezwa Kwezemfundo, 60 (2), 85-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131880802082518. |
| Ifomethi yengcaphuno yombhalo | (Isibongo Sombhali, Unyaka Wokushicilelwa, ikhasi inombolo yengcaphuno). | Njengoba kuxoxwe nguBrown (2021, ikhasi 115), ubuchwepheshe bedijithali buguqula izindlela zemfundo. |
Ukuze kubhalwe ngempumelelo ezifundweni, kubalulekile ukufaka kokubili izingcaphuno ezisemibhalweni kanye nohlu oluphelele lwereferensi ekugcineni kombhalo. Izingcaphuno ezingaphakathi kombhalo ngokuvamile zivela ekupheleni komusho futhi zihlanganisa isibongo sombhali, unyaka wokushicilelwa, nenombolo yekhasi (ye-APA) noma inombolo yekhasi kuphela (ye-MLA). Isibonelo, i-APA ecashuniwe yombhalo ingase ibukeke kanje: (Brown, 2021, p. 115). Isitayela ngasinye siqondisa umfundi emuva kokubalulekile komthombo, sivumela ukuhlola okujulile komsebenzi okhonjiwe.
Ukusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kwezingcaphuno ekubhaleni i-eseyi
Ukufaka izingcaphuno ekubhaleni i-eseyi kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukujula nokusebenza kwezimpikiswano zakho. Lesi sigaba sizohlola ukuthi ungasebenzisa kanjani izingcaphuno ngempumelelo ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zendatshana enezigaba ezinhlanu.
Izingcaphuno ezisethulweni: Ukusetha iphimbo
Izingcaphuno ezisethulweni zendatshana zisebenza njengehhuku elihehayo. Isicaphuni esikhethwe ngokucophelela singabamba intshisekelo yabafundi, sinikeze ukubuka kuqala kwetimu eyinhloko yendaba noma iphuzu.
Isibonelo sendatshana yamalungelo abantu besifazane:
- Ukuqala ngengcaphuno kaMalala Yousafzai ethi, “Asikwazi ukuphumelela sonke lapho ingxenye yethu ibambezelekile,” kuthinta umfundi ngokushesha. Le ndlela yokwenza kahle futhi ngamafuphi ibeka inkundla yokugxila kwe-eseyi kumalungelo abantu besifazane.
Izingcaphuno ezigabeni zomzimba: Ukuqinisa izimpikiswano
Endikimbeni ye-eseyi, izingcaphuno zingasebenza njengobufakazi obunamandla obusekela izimpikiswano zakho. Zengeza igunya nokwethembeka, ikakhulukazi uma zithathwe kochwepheshe noma emisebenzini ebalulekile.
Isibonelo sendatshana yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu:
- Ukusebenzisa isicaphuna esivela kusazi sesimo sezulu esidumile engxoxweni mayelana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungaqinisa kakhulu impikiswano yakho. Kubandakanya isitatimende esinjengokuthi, "Ubufakazi bokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngokushesha buyaphoqa," ngusosayensi ohamba phambili wengeza isisindo negunya emaphuzwini akho, okuwenza abe namandla kakhulu I-eseyi yokuphikisana.
Izicelo ezahlukahlukene kuzo zonke izinhlobo zendatshana
Izingcaphuno zingamathuluzi aguquguqukayo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zendatshana, njenge:
- Tindzaba letilandzisako. Izingcaphuno zingangeza ukujula kanye nombono ezindabeni zomuntu siqu noma okuhlangenwe nakho.
- Izindatshana ezichazayo. Izingcaphuno ezichazayo zingathuthukisa imininingwane ebonwayo neyezinzwa ku-eseyi.
- Izindatshana ezichazayo. Lapha, izingcaphuno zinganikeza ukusekela okuyiqiniso nemibono yochwepheshe ukuchaza imiqondo eyinkimbinkimbi.
Khumbula, isihluthulelo sokucaphuna ngempumelelo ukuhambisana nokuhlanganiswa. Qinisekisa ukuthi isicaphuni ngasinye osikhethayo sisekela ngokuqondile futhi sicebisa okuqukethwe yi-eseyi yakho, sisekela ukugeleza kwemibono okungenazihibe.
Izingcaphuno azigcini nje ngokungeza amagama avela komunye umthombo; zimayelana nokuthuthukisa ukulandisa kwakho ngamasu, ukukunikeza ukwesekwa okugunyaziwe, nokuxhumana nomfundi wakho zisuka nje. Ukuqonda ukuthi ungazifaka kanjani kalula ekubhaleni kwakho kungakhuphula kakhulu ikhwalithi yezindatshana zakho.
Ukusetshenziswa okuthuthukile kwezingcaphuno ekubhaleni
Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezahlukene zezingcaphuno kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo ngendlela efanele kubalulekile ukuze uthuthukise ikhwalithi nokwethembeka kokubhala kwakho. Lesi sigaba sigxile ekusebenziseni okungokoqobo, sinikeza isiqondiso sendlela futhi nini yokusebenzisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezingcaphuno ngokuphumelelayo.
Izingcaphuno eziqondile
Izingcaphuno eziqondile zihlanganisa ukukhiqiza kabusha amagama ngendlela avela ngayo kumthombo wendaba. Lolu hlobo lwengcaphuno luwusizo ekugqamiseni amaphuzu athile, ukubonisa izimpikiswano, noma ukuhlaziya imibhalo.
Isibonelo sokugxeka kukaShakespeare "Hamlet":
- Ukucaphuna umugqa odumile, "Ukuba, noma ungabi, lowo ngumbuzo," kusukela ku-"Hamlet" kungagqamisa ukubaluleka kwawo emdlalweni. Le ndlela yokufundisa igqamisa ukubaluleka kwengcaphuno kuyilapho ikhumbuza ababhali ukuthi balinganisele izingcaphuno ezinjengalezi nokuhlaziya kwabo ukuze bathole imvelaphi.
Ukusebenzisa izimpawu zokucaphuna
Izingcaphuno eziqondile zivame ukufakwa ezimpawu zokucaphuna ukukhombisa ukuthi zibolekiwe. Izimpawu zokuloba, njengenkathi noma ukhefana, ngokuvamile ziza ngemva kwengcaphuno kubakaki.
Ngokwesibonelo:
- “Ukuphambuka kungumuntu; ukuthethelela, saphezulu” (Pope, 1711, p. 525).
Izingcaphuno ezingaqondile (ukuhlaziya)
Izingcaphuno ezingaqondile zihlanganisa ukuchaza kabusha noma ukufingqa umbhalo wokuqala. Le ndlela ivumela ababhali ukuthi bahlanganise izinto zomthombo ngenkathi begcina amazwi abo ahlukile.
Isibonelo sokubeka ngenye indlela isitatimende sika-Albert Einstein:
- Umlobi angase awubeke ngamafuphi umbono ka-Einstein ngokuthi: “U-Einstein wayekholelwa ukuthi ukucabangela kunendima ebaluleke kakhulu kunolwazi ekuthuthukiseni intuthuko.” Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi imibono enjalo echazwe ngenye indlela isadinga ukucashunwa okufanele ukuze kutholwe umthombo wangempela.
Izingcaphuno engxoxweni eqanjiwe
Ukusebenzisa izingcaphuno engxoxweni eqanjiwe kuyindlela evamile ekuhlaziyeni izincwadi. Kubandakanya ukucaphuna izingxoxo phakathi kwabalingiswa ukuze kusekelwe ingqikithi noma ukuhlaziya abalingiswa.
Isibonelo sokuhlaziya "Ukuziqhenya Nokucwasa":
- Ekuhlaziyeni incwadi kaJane Austen ethi “Pride and Prejudice,” ecaphuna ingxoxo phakathi kuka-Elizabeth Bennet noMnuz Darcy ingasetshenziswa ukuhlola ukuthuthuka kobudlelwano babo. Le ndlela igqamisa izikhathi ezibalulekile kanye nokuguquguquka kwabalingiswa ngaphakathi kokulandisa.
Uhlobo ngalunye lwengcaphuno lufeza injongo eyingqayizivele ekubhaleni. Izingcaphuno eziqondile zigqamisa amaphuzu athile, izingcaphuno ezingaqondile zihlanganisa imithombo ngokushelela, futhi izingcaphuno zengxoxo zenza ukuhlaziya kwemibhalo kuphile. Ukuqonda lo mehluko kuyokusiza ukuba usebenzise izingcaphuno ngokuphumelelayo ekubhaleni kwakho.
Izibonelo zezingcaphuno
Izingcaphuno, ezithathwe emithonjeni eyahlukene njengezincwadi, izindatshana zezemfundo, noma imibhalo esemthethweni, zidlala indima ebalulekile ekunothiseni amaphepha ocwaningo nezindatshana zokuhlaziya. Banikeza ubufakazi kanye nokujula kwezimpikiswano ezethulwayo. Nazi ezinye izibonelo zokuthi izingcaphuno zingasetshenziswa kanjani ngempumelelo:
- Izimpikiswano ezisekelayo ezindabeni. Endabeni edingida umthelela wobuchwepheshe emphakathini, umfundi angase afake amazwi acashunwe ku-Steve Jobs: “Ukuqamba okusha kuhlukanisa phakathi komholi nomlandeli.” Lesi sicaphuni singasekela impikiswano mayelana neqhaza lokuqamba izinto ezintsha ebuholini nasekuqhubekeleni phambili komphakathi.
- Izingcaphuno ekuhlaziyeni kwemibhalo. Ehlaziya umlando ofana noka-Charlotte Brontë othi “Jane Eyre,” umbhali angasebenzisa amazwi acashuniwe ukuze agqamise amandla omlingiswa oyinhloko. Isibonelo: "Angiyona inyoni, futhi alikho inetha elingibambayo: ngingumuntu okhululekile onentando yokuzimela." Lesi sicatshulwa sisiza ukuhlola umlingiswa kaJane kanye nezindikimba zenoveli zenkululeko nokuzimela.
- Ukusebenzisa izingcaphuno ngaphakathi kombhalo. Lapho ababhali behlanganisa izingcaphuno embhalweni wabo, ngezinye izikhathi basebenzisa uphawu olulodwa lokucaphuna lapho becaphuna phakathi kwengcaphuno. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho ehlaziya inkulumo ethile engokomlando, umlobi angase acaphune: “Umholi wamemezela, ‘Sizolwa ogwini,’ evuselela umoya wesizwe.” Izimpawu zokucaphuna ezilodwa lapha zikhombisa ukucaphuna okuqondile ngaphakathi kwendaba enkulu.
Lezi zibonelo zibonisa indlela izingcaphuno ezingafakwa ngayo ekubhaleni ukuze zinikeze ukwesekwa, ukujula, nokucacisa ezimpikiswano nokuhlaziya okuhlukahlukene. Ngokukhetha ngokucophelela nokuhlanganisa izingcaphuno, ababhali bangathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokunotha komsebenzi wabo.
Isiphetho
| Izingcaphuno zingaphezu nje kwamagama abolekiwe; bayithuluzi elinamandla enqolobaneni yombhali. Kusukela ekuthuthukiseni izimpikiswano ezisezincwadini kuya ekuhlaziyeni okunothisayo kwemibhalo, izingcaphuno ziphefumulela umsebenzi obhaliwe. Lo mhlahlandlela uye wahlola umhlaba wezingcaphuno, kusukela esimweni sazo esiyisisekelo kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwazo okunesu ezinhlelweni zokubhala ezihlukene. Ngokuqonda imithelela yezimiso zokuziphatha zokucaphuna nokuba ingcweti kobuciko bokucaphuna, ababhali bangaphromotha umsebenzi wabo, bagweme ukukopela, futhi babandakanye abafundi babo ngokujulile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isetshenziselwa ukukholisa, ukufanekisa, noma ukuchaza, izingcaphuno, lapho zihlanganiswa ngobuciko, zicebisa ngokuphawulekayo izinga lenkulumo ebhaliwe. Sebenzisa ngokugcwele ukuguquguquka kwezingcaphuno futhi ubone ushintsho oluhle kumaphrojekthi akho okubhala.” |
