Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo: Umhlahlandlela wesinyathelo nesinyathelo

Siyakwamukela ekuhloleni kwakho kokuhlaziywa kwezibalo, ithuluzi eliyisisekelo elisetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene njengesayensi, ezomnotho, nesayensi yezenhlalo. Idizayinelwe abafundi nabacwaningi, le ndatshana ikuqondisa ngokusebenzisa le migomo ukuze uqonde idatha eyinkimbinkimbi futhi uthuthukise izinqubo zokuthatha izinqumo. Ukukwazi lezi zindlela kuzothuthukisa ikhono lakho ucwaningo amakhono, okukuvumela ukuthi wenze uphenyo olunzulu futhi uthuthukise iziphetho ezibalulekile.

Sizohamba nawe ezinyathelweni eziyisisekelo ezihilelekile ekuhlaziyweni kwezibalo—kusuka ekwakhiweni kwemibono nokuhlela eyakho ucwaningo ekuqoqeni idatha, ekuhlaziyeni okuningiliziwe nasekutolikeni imiphumela. Inhloso ukwehlisa izindlela zezibalo futhi kukunikeze amandla olwazi ukuze usebenzise ngokuzethemba lawa masu emizamweni yakho yezemfundo neyomsebenzi.

Thola ukuthi ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kungavula kanjani imininingwane futhi kuqhubekisele phambili ucwaningo lwakho!

Ukuqonda nokusebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo

Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo ukuhlola okuhlelekile kwedatha ukuze kuhlonzwe izitayela, amaphethini, nobudlelwano ngaphakathi kolwazi lobuningi. Le nqubo ibalulekile ekuthathweni kwezinqumo unolwazi kanye nokuhlelwa kwamasu okuphumelelayo emikhakheni eyahlukene, okuhlanganisa eyezemfundo, uhulumeni kanye namabhizinisi. Nansi indlela ongabhekana ngayo nokuhlaziywa kwezibalo:

• Ukucaciswa kokuhlela kanye ne-hypothesis. Chaza ngokucacile imibono yakho bese uklama isifundo sakho ngokucabangela ngokucophelela usayizi wesampula nezindlela zamasampula ukuze uqinisekise iziphetho eziqinile nezithembekile.
• Ukuqoqwa kwedatha nezibalo ezichazayo. Ukuhlela nokufingqa idatha kusetshenziswa izibalo ezichazayo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuhlaziya ngemva kokuqoqwa kwedatha. Lesi sinyathelo sigqamisa ukuthambekela okumaphakathi nokuhlukahluka ngaphakathi kwedatha.
• Izibalo ze-inferential. Lesi sigaba sisebenzisa iziphetho ukusuka kusampula ukuya kubantu abaningi. Kubandakanya ukuhlolwa kwe-hypothesis kanye nezindlela zokubala ukuze ukhethe ukubaluleka kwezibalo kokutholiwe.
• Ukuhunyushwa kanye nokwenza jikelele. Isinyathelo sokugcina sibandakanya ukuhumusha idatha kanye nokwenza imiphumela ibe yizingqikithi ezibanzi. Lokhu kubandakanya ukuxoxisana ngemiphumela yalokho okutholakele kanye nokuphakamisa izikhombisi-ndlela zocwaningo lwangomuso.

Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kuthuthukisa amakhono enhlangano nawocwaningo, okudlala indima ebalulekile ezinqumweni zenqubomgomo, ukuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesistimu. Njengoba indima yedatha ezinqubweni zokwenza izinqumo ikhula, ukubaluleka kokuhlaziywa kwezibalo kuyakhula. Lo mhlahlandlela uhlose ukuhlinzeka ngesisekelo esiqinile sokusebenzisa lamakhono abalulekile.

Imibono eyiphutha evamile ekuhlaziyweni kwezibalo

Naphezu kwamandla ako amakhulu, ukuhlaziya izibalo kuvame ukuba nemibono eyiphutha esakazekile. Ukucacisa lokhu kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukunemba nokuthembeka kwezincazelo zocwaningo. Nakhu okunye ukungaqondi okuvamile ekuhlaziyweni kwezibalo:

• Ukuchazwa kabi kwamanani we-p. I-p-value ngokuvamile ayiqondwa kahle njengamathuba okuthi i-null hypothesis iyiqiniso. Eqinisweni, ikala amathuba okubona idatha ngokwedlulele, noma eyeqise kakhulu kunalokho okubonwe ngokoqobo, ukwamukela i-null hypothesis kulungile. Inani elincane lika-p libonisa ukuthi idatha enjalo bekungeke kwenzeke uma i-null hypothesis ibiyiqiniso, okuholela ekwenqatshweni kwayo. Nokho, ayilinganisi amathuba okuthi i-hypothesis ngokwayo ibe yiqiniso.
• Ukudideka phakathi kokuhlobana kanye nembangela. Iphutha elilodwa elivamile ekuhlaziyeni kwezibalo ukucabanga ukuthi ukuhlobana kusho imbangela. Ngenxa yokuthi okuguquguqukayo okubili kuhlotshaniswa akusho ukuthi eyodwa ibangela enye. Ukuhlobana kungavela kokuhluka kwesithathu okuthinta kokubili noma kobunye ubudlelwano obungeyona imbangela. Ukusungula imbangela kudinga ukuhlola okulawulwayo noma izindlela zezibalo eziklanyelwe ukukhipha ezinye izici.
• Imibono eyiphutha mayelana nokubaluleka kwezibalo nosayizi womphumela. Ukubaluleka kwezibalo akusho ukubaluleka okungokoqobo. Umphumela ungaba obalulekile ngokwezibalo kodwa ube nosayizi womthelela omncane kangangokuthi awunalo inani elingokoqobo. Ngokuphambene, umphumela ngokwezibalo ongabalulekile awusho ngempela ukuthi awukho umphumela; kungase futhi kusho ukuthi usayizi wesampula ubumncane kakhulu ukuthola umphumela. Ukuqonda usayizi womthelela kunikeza ukuqonda ngokubaluleka komthelela, okubalulekile ekuhloleni imithelela ebonakalayo yemiphumela.

Ngokubhekana nale mibono eyiphutha ekuqaleni kocwaningo lokuhlaziywa kwezibalo, ungagwema izingibe ezivamile ezingase ziholele eziphethweni ezingalungile noma ukuchazwa kabi kwedatha. Ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo, uma kuqondwa futhi kusetshenziswa ngendlela efanele, kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukufaneleka nomthelela wemiphumela yocwaningo lwakho.

Amasu ezibalo athuthukile

Njengoba umkhakha wokuhlaziya izibalo uqhubeka, izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezithuthukile sezibalulekile kubacwaningi ababhekana namasethi amakhulu edatha nemibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi. Lesi sigaba sinikeza umbono ocacile walezi zindlela, ezigqamisa ukusetshenziswa kwazo komhlaba wangempela kanye nezinzuzo:

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Multivariate

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Multivariate kuvumela ukuhlolwa kokuguquguquka okuningi ngesikhathi esisodwa ukuze kwembule ubudlelwano namathonya phakathi kwabo. Amasu ajwayelekile afaka ukuhlehla okuningi, ukuhlaziywa kwesici, kanye ne-MANOVA (Ukuhlaziywa Okuningi Kokuhluka). Lezi zindlela ziwusizo ikakhulukazi ezimeni lapho izici ezihlukahlukene zithinta ukuhlukahluka okuncikile, njengokufunda umthelela wamasu ahlukene okuthengisa ekuziphatheni kwabathengi. Ukuqonda lobu budlelwano kungakusiza ukuthi ubone izici ezinamandla kakhulu futhi ulungise amasu ngokufanele.

Ama-algorithms wokufunda komshini ekuhlaziyweni kwedatha

Ukufunda ngomshini kuthuthukisa izindlela zezibalo zendabuko ngama-algorithms adizayinelwe ukubikezela nokuhlukanisa idatha. Lokhu kubandakanya amasu okufunda agadiwe njengezihlahla zokuhlehla nokuhlukanisa, ezilungele ukubikezela inzuzo yamakhasimende noma ukuhlukanisa ama-imeyili njengogaxekile noma angewona ugaxekile. Izindlela zokufunda ezingagadiwe ezifana nokuhlanganisa nokuhlaziya ingxenye eyinhloko zinhle kakhulu ekutholeni amaphethini kudatha. Isibonelo, bangaqoqa amakhasimende ngokuthenga imikhuba ngaphandle kwezigaba ezimisiwe.

Imodeli ye-Structural Equation (SEM)

I-SEM iyindlela enamandla yezibalo ehlola imibono mayelana nobudlelwano phakathi kokuguquguquka okubonwayo nokucashile. Ihlanganisa ukuhlaziya izici kanye nokwehla okuningi, iyenze ibe namandla okuhlaziya ubudlelwano bembangela obuyinkimbinkimbi, njengokuqonda ukuthi ukwaneliseka kwekhasimende (okuguquguqukayo okucashile okungalinganiswa ngokuqondile) kukuthonya kanjani ukuziphatha kokwethembeka. I-SEM isetshenziswa kakhulu kwisayensi yezenhlalo, ukumaketha, kanye nesayensi yezengqondo ukumodela amanethiwekhi ayinkimbinkimbi obudlelwano.

Ukuhlaziywa kochungechunge lwesikhathi

Ukuhlaziywa kochungechunge lwesikhathi kubalulekile ukuze kuhlaziywe amaphuzu edatha aqoqwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okusiza ukubikezela amathrendi esikhathi esizayo kumaphethini adlule. Le ndlela isetshenziswa kakhulu ezimakethe zezimali ukuze kubikezelwe amanani esitoko, ku-meteorology ukubikezela izinguquko zesimo sezulu, nakwezomnotho ukulinganisa imisebenzi yezomnotho yesikhathi esizayo. Amasu afana namamodeli e-ARIMA nokuhlukaniswa kwesizini asiza ukuphatha amaphethini ahlukene kanye noshintsho lwesizini kudatha.

Ukuqonda nokusebenzisa lezi zindlela ezithuthukile kudinga isisekelo esiqinile kuthiyori yezibalo futhi ngokuvamile ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi esofthiwe akhethekile. Kunconywa ukuthi abacwaningi benze ukuqeqeshwa okuningiliziwe futhi, lapho kungenzeka, basebenzisane nezibalo. Le ndlela yokuhlanganyela ingathuthukisa kakhulu ubunkimbinkimbi nokunemba kwemiphumela yocwaningo lwakho.

Ukwakha imibono nokuklama ucwaningo

Ukwakhela phezu kwamasu ezibalo athuthukile okukhulunywe ngawo ngaphambili, lesi sigaba sikuqondisa ngokusebenzisa kwawo okungokoqobo kuzilungiselelo zocwaningo ezihlelekile. Kusukela ekusebenziseni ukuhlaziya okuhlukahlukene emiklameni yokuhlola kuya ekusebenziseni ama-algorithms okufunda komshini ukuze sihlaziye idatha ehlobene, sizohlola ukuthi singaqondanisa kanjani umklamo wakho wocwaningo namathuluzi ezibalo ukuze sihlaziye ngempumelelo. Uzofunda ukuthi ungawakha kanjani ama-hypotheses futhi uhlele idizayini yocwaningo ehambisana nezinjongo zakho, uqinisekise ukuthi idatha oyiqoqayo ibalulekile futhi inamandla.

Ukubhala imibono yezibalo

Ukubhala imibono yezibalo kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile enqubweni yocwaningo, kwakha isisekelo sophenyo oluhlelekile. Imibono eqanjiwe iphakamisa izincazelo ezingaba khona noma izibikezelo ezingahlolwa ngokwesayensi futhi zivele embuzweni wocwaningo nocwaningo lwangemuva. Ngokubeka ngokucacile kokubili imibono eyize nehlukile, abacwaningi babeka uhlaka lokuhlola ukuthi idatha yabo iyakusekela noma iyakuphikisa ukubikezela kwabo kokuqala. Nansi indlela le mibono evame ukwakhiwa ngayo:

• I-null hypothesis (H0). Icabanga ukuthi awukho umphumela noma umehluko, futhi ihlolwe ngokuqondile. Kuwukuqagela okujwayelekile kokuthi abukho ubuhlobo phakathi kokuguquguqukayo okukaliwe okubili.
• Enye i-hypothesis (H1). Ibeka umthelela, umehluko, noma ubudlelwano, futhi iyamukelwa lapho i-null hypothesis yenqatshwa.

Le ndlela yokucabanga ekabili isiza ekuhlelweni kokuhlolwa kwezibalo kanye nokugcina umbono ophusile ocwaningweni ngokubeka imibandela ethile yokwahlulela, okubalulekile kubuqotho nokuba semthethweni kokutholakele.

Izibonelo zemibono ecatshangelwayo yezifundo zokuhlola nezokuxhumanisa:

• I-null hypothesis (yokuhlola). Ukwethula izivivinyo zokucabangela nsuku zonke emsebenzini ngeke kube nomthelela emazingeni okucindezeleka kwabasebenzi. • Enye i-hypothesis (yokuhlola). Ukwethula izivivinyo zokucabangela nsuku zonke emsebenzini kunciphisa amazinga okucindezeleka kwabasebenzi. • I-null hypothesis (ehambisanayo). Abukho ubudlelwano phakathi kwesikhathi sokusebenza kwengqondo kanye nekhwalithi yebhalansi yokuphila komsebenzi phakathi kwabasebenzi. • I-Alternative hypothesis (ehambisanayo). Izikhathi ezinde zokuzijwayeza ukucabangela zihlotshaniswa nebhalansi engcono yokuphila komsebenzi phakathi kwabasebenzi.

Ukuhlela Idizayini Yakho Yocwaningo

Idizayini yocwaningo eqinile ibalulekile kunoma yiluphi ucwaningo, oluqondisa ukuthi idatha iqoqwa futhi ihlaziywe kanjani ukuze kuqinisekiswe imibono yakho. Ukukhethwa komklamo—noma ngabe kuyachaza, ukuhlobana, noma ukuhlola—kunomthelela omkhulu ezindleleni zokuqoqa idatha nezindlela zokuhlaziya ezisetshenziswayo. Kubalulekile ukufanisa umklamo nezinjongo zocwaningo lwakho ukuze ubhekane ngokuphumelelayo nemibuzo yocwaningo lwakho, futhi kubaluleke ngokufanayo ukuqonda izindlela eziqondile ezizosetshenziswa ekusebenzeni.

Uhlobo ngalunye lwedizayini yocwaningo lunendima ethile, noma ngabe ukuhlola imibono, ukuphenya okuthrendayo, noma ukuchaza izehlakalo ngaphandle kokuphakamisa ubudlelwano bembangela-nomphumela. Ukwazi umehluko phakathi kwale miklamo kuyisihluthulelo ekukhetheni okungcono kakhulu ngezidingo zakho zocwaningo. Nazi izinhlobo zemiklamo yocwaningo:

• Imiklamo yokuhlola. Hlola ubudlelwano bembangela-nomphumela ngokushintsha okuguquguqukayo nokubheka imiphumela.
• Imiklamo yokuhlobana. Hlola ubudlelwano obungaba khona phakathi kokuguquguqukayo ngaphandle kokukushintsha, usize ekuhlonzeni izitayela noma izinhlangano.
• Imiklamo echazayo. Chaza izici zenani labantu noma isenzakalo ngaphandle kokuzama ukusungula ubudlelwano bembangela-nomphumela.

Ngemva kokukhetha indlela evamile ocwaningweni lwakho, kubalulekile ukuqonda izindlela ezehlukene ezichaza ukuthi ungahlela futhi uqhube kanjani isifundo sakho ezingeni elingokoqobo. Lezi zindlela zicacisa ukuthi ababambiqhaza baqoqwa kanjani futhi bahlaziywe kanjani, okubalulekile ekuzuzeni imiphumela enembayo nevumelekile ngokuya ngomklamo oyikhethile. Lapha, sichaza ezinye izinhlobo zemiklamo eyisisekelo ezisetshenziswa ngaphakathi kwamasu okucwaninga abanzi:

• Idizayini phakathi kwezifundo. Iqhathanisa amaqembu ahlukene ababambiqhaza abangaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene. Kuwusizo ikakhulukazi ekubhekeni ukuthi ukwelashwa okuhlukene kuwathinta kanjani amaqembu ahlukene, okwenza kube kuhle ezifundweni lapho ukusebenzisa izimo ezifanayo kubo bonke ababambiqhaza kungenzeki.
• Idizayini yangaphakathi kwezifundo. Ivumela abacwaningi ukuthi babheke iqembu elifanayo labahlanganyeli ngaphansi kwazo zonke izimo. Lo mklamo unenzuzo ekuhlaziyeni izinguquko ngokuhamba kwesikhathi noma ngemva kokungenelela okuthile phakathi kwabantu abafanayo, kuncishiswe ukuhlukahluka okuvela kumehluko phakathi kwabahlanganyeli.
• Idizayini ehlanganisiwe. Ihlanganisa izici zakho zombili imiklamo ephakathi nangaphakathi kwesihloko, inikeze ukuhlaziya okuphelele kuzo zonke izinto eziguquguqukayo nezimo.

Izibonelo zezicelo zedizayini yocwaningo:

Ukukhombisa ukuthi le miklamo isebenza kanjani ocwaningweni lomhlaba wangempela, cabangela lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza ezilandelayo: • Umklamo wokuhlola. Hlela ucwaningo lapho abasebenzi bebamba iqhaza kuhlelo lokucabanga, ukulinganisa amazinga abo okucindezeleka ngaphambi nangemuva kohlelo ukuze bahlole umthelela walo. Lokhu kuhambisana ne-hypothesis yokuhlola emayelana namazinga okucindezeleka. • Idizayini yokuhlobana. Abasebenzi benza inhlolovo ngobude besikhathi sokuzijwayeza ukuqaphela nsuku zonke futhi bahlobanise lokhu nebhalansi yabo yokuphila komsebenzi ezibike bona ngokwabo ukuze bahlole amaphethini. Lokhu kuhambisana ne-hypothesis ehambisanayo mayelana nobude besikhathi sokucabanga kanye nebhalansi yokuphila komsebenzi.

Ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi isinyathelo ngasinye sokuhlela kwakho sicatshangelwa kahle, uqinisekisa ukuthi izigaba ezilandelayo zokuqoqwa kwedatha, ukuhlaziya, nokuhumusha zakhelwe phezu kwesisekelo esiqinile, esihambisana eduze nezinjongo zakho zocwaningo lokuqala.

Iqoqa idatha yesampula yokuhlaziywa kwezibalo

Ngemva kokuhlola amasu ezibalo nokuhlela ucwaningo lwakho, manje sesisondela esigabeni esibalulekile enqubweni yocwaningo: ukuqoqwa kwedatha. Ukukhetha isampula elilungile kubalulekile, njengoba kusekela ukunemba nokusebenza kokuhlaziya kwakho. Lesi sigaba asigcini nje ngokusekela imibono ecatshangelwe ngaphambilini kodwa futhi sendlala isisekelo sakho konke ukuhlaziya okulandelayo, okusenza sibaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni imiphumela ethembekile nesetshenziswa kabanzi.

Izindlela zokusampula

Ukukhetha indlela efanele yamasampula kubalulekile ukuze imiphumela yocwaningo lwakho lube qotho. Sihlola izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko, ngayinye enezinzuzo nezinselele ezihlukile:

• Ukusampula okungenzeka. Le ndlela iqinisekisa lonke ilungu lomphakathi ithuba elilinganayo lokukhetha, kuncishiswe ukukhetha kanye nokuthuthukisa ukumelela kwesampula. Kuncanyelwa ezifundweni lapho ukugcwaliseka kumphakathi obanzi kubalulekile. Le ndlela isekela ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo okuqinile ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi okutholiwe kunganwetshwa ngokuthembekile kumphakathi jikelele.
• Ukusampula okungewona amathuba. Le ndlela ihlanganisa ukukhetha abantu ngabanye ngokusekelwe kumibandela engahleliwe, njengokunethezeka noma ukutholakala. Nakuba le ndlela ibiza kakhulu, ingase inganikezi isampula emele isibalo sabantu bonke, engase yethule ukuchema okungase kuthinte imiphumela yocwaningo.

Naphezu kwamandla okwenzelela, amasampula okungewona amathuba ahlala ewusizo, ikakhulukazi uma ukufinyelela kuso sonke isibalo sabantu kuyinselele noma lapho izinjongo zocwaningo zingadingi ukuguqulwa okubanzi. Ukuqonda kahle ukuthi le ndlela isetshenziswa nini futhi kanjani kubalulekile ukuze ugweme ukusetshenziswa kabi nokuchazwa kabi, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iziphetho ezifinyelelwe zivumelekile ngaphakathi komongo oshiwo.

Ukusebenzisa amasu amasampula asebenzayo okuhlaziya izibalo

Ibhalansi yesampula esebenzayo ikala ukutholakala kwensiza nesidingo sesampula eliqinile, elimele:

• Ukutholakala kwensiza. Hlola ukuthi yiziphi izinsiza nokusekelwa onakho, njengoba lokhu kuzonquma ukuthi ungasebenzisa amasu okuqasha afinyelela ububanzi noma uma udinga ukuthembela ezindleleni ezilula nezishibhile.
• Ukuhlukahluka kwabantu. Lwela isampula elibonisa ukuhlukahluka kwaso sonke isibalo sabantu ukuze uthuthukise ukufaneleka kwangaphandle, ikakhulukazi ezilungiselelweni ezihlukahlukene.
• Izindlela zokuqasha. Khetha izindlela eziphumelelayo zokubandakanya abangaba ababambiqhaza, njengezikhangiso zedijithali, ubambiswano nezikhungo zemfundo, noma ukuxhumana nomphakathi, kuye ngesibalo sabantu okuhlosiwe.

Ukuqinisekisa ukwanela kwesampula kokuhlaziywa kwezibalo

Ngaphambi kokuphothula ababambiqhaza bakho, qiniseka ukuthi usayizi wesampula wakho wanele ukuze unikeze amandla athembekile ezibalo:

• Izibali zosayizi wesampula. Sebenzisa amathuluzi aku-inthanethi ukuze uthole ukuthi bangaki ababambiqhaza obadingayo, ucabangela usayizi olindelekile womthelela owufundayo, ukuthi ufuna ukuqiniseka kangakanani emiphumeleni yakho, kanye nezinga lokuqiniseka elikhethiwe, ngokuvamile elibekwe ku-5%. Lawa mathuluzi ngokuvamile adinga ukuthi ufake izilinganiso zosayizi womthelela ovela ezifundweni zangaphambili noma uhlolo lokuqala.
• Ilungisela ukuhlukahluka. Uma ucwaningo lwakho lubandakanya amaqembu amancane amaningi noma imiklamo eyinkimbinkimbi, landisa ngokuhlukahluka phakathi naphakathi kwamaqembu lapho ukhetha usayizi wesampula odingekayo. Ukuhlukahluka okuphezulu kuvame ukudinga amasampula amakhulu ukuze kutholwe imiphumela yangempela ngokunembile.

Ukusetshenziswa komhlaba wangempela kwamasu amasampula

Ukuqondanisa nezingxoxo zangaphambilini ngemiklamo yocwaningo, nazi izibonelo ezisebenzayo zesampula yezicelo:

• Ukusampula kokuhlola. Ucwaningo oluhlola imiphumela yokuzivocavoca kwengqondo emazingeni okucindezeleka kwabasebenzi lubandakanya abasebenzi abavela eminyangweni eminingi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isampula libonisa ububanzi bezindima zomsebenzi kanye namazinga aphezulu. Lokhu kwehlukahlukana kusiza ekwenzeni okutholakele kube okujwayelekile ezindaweni ezahlukene zokusebenza ukuze kuhlaziywe izibalo. • Amasampula okuhlobana. Ukuze uhlole isixhumanisi phakathi kwesikhathi semikhuba yokucabanga kanye nebhalansi yokuphila komsebenzi, sebenzisa izinkundla zokuxhumana ukuze uqondise abantu abajwayele ukuqaphela. Le ndlela isiza ukubamba iqhaza okusebenzayo nokufanelekile.

Fingqa idatha yakho ngezibalo ezichazayo

Ngemva kokuqoqa idatha yakho, isinyathelo esilandelayo esibalulekile ukuyihlela futhi uyifingqe usebenzisa izibalo ezichazayo. Lesi sigaba senza idatha eluhlaza ibe lula, iyenze ilungele ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo okujulile.

Ihlola idatha yakho

Okokuqala, hlola idatha yakho ukuze ubambe ukusatshalaliswa kwayo futhi ukhombe noma yiziphi izikhiqizo, okubalulekile ekukhetheni amasu okuhlaziya afanele:

• Amathebula okusabalalisa imvamisa. Faka kuhlu ukuthi inani ngalinye livela kaningi kangakanani, okusiza ukukhomba izimpendulo ezivamile noma ezingandile, njengokuvama kwamaleveli athile okucindezeleka phakathi kwezisebenzi ocwaningweni lwethu lokucabanga.
• Amashadi we-Bar. Iwusizo ekuboniseni ukusatshalaliswa kwedatha yesigaba, isibonelo, iminyango ebandakanyekayo ocwaningweni lokucabanga.
• Hlaza iziza. Lezi zakhiwo zingagqamisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo, njengesixhumanisi phakathi kwesikhathi sokuzijwayeza kwengqondo nokunciphisa ingcindezi.

Lokhu kuhlola kusiza ukunquma ukuthi ingabe idatha yakho ivamile noma isatshalaliswa ngendlela enhlanhlathayo, okuqondisa ukukhetha kwakho kokulandela ukuhlola kwezibalo.

Ukubala izinyathelo zokuthambekela okumaphakathi

Lawa mamethrikhi ahlinzeka ngemininingwane kumanani amaphakathi wedathasethi yakho:

• Mode. Inani elivame ukwenzeka. Isibonelo, izinga elivame kakhulu lokunciphisa ingcindezi elibonwa kubahlanganyeli.
• Median. Inani eliphakathi nendawo yilapho wonke amaphuzu edatha elinganiswa. Lokhu kuyasiza, ikakhulukazi uma idatha yakho ihlanekezelwe.
• Kusho. Inani elimaphakathi linganikeza ukubuka konke kwamazinga okucindezeleka izikhathi zangaphambi nangemuva kokuba nengqondo.

Ibala izinyathelo zokuguquguquka

Lezi zibalo zichaza ukuthi idatha yakho ihluka kangakanani:

• Ibanga. Ibonisa ubude besikhathi ukusuka kwenani eliphansi kakhulu ukuya kunani eliphakeme kakhulu, okubonisa ukuhlukahluka ekusebenzeni kokucabangela.
• I-Interquartile range (IQR). Ithwebula maphakathi no-50% wedatha yakho, ikunikeza isithombe esicacile sokuthambekela okumaphakathi.
• Ukuchezuka okujwayelekile kanye nokwehluka. Lezi zinyathelo ziveza ukuthi amaphuzu edatha achezuka kanjani kuncazelo, ewusizo ekuqondeni ukuhlukahluka kwemiphumela yokunciphisa ukucindezeleka.

Izibonelo zezibalo ezichazayo ezisetshenziswayo

Ukukhombisa ukuthi lezi zibalo zisetshenziswa kanjani:

• Isilungiselelo sokuhlola. Cabanga ukuthi uqoqe amaphuzu ezinga lokucindezeleka kwangaphambi kokuhlolwa nangemuva kokuhlolwa kubasebenzi abaqeqeshelwa ukuqaphela. Ukubala ukuchezuka kwencazelo nokujwayelekile kusiza ukusetha izinguquko kumazinga wokucindezeleka ngaphambi nangemuva kohlelo:

Kukhuluma	Isilinganiso sokucindezeleka	Ukuphambuka okujwayelekile
Ukuhlola kwangaphambili	68.4	9.4
Ngemuva kokuhlolwa	75.2	9.8

Le miphumela ikhombisa ukwehla kwengcindezi, kucatshangelwa ukuthi amaphuzu aphezulu akhombisa ingcindezi ephansi. Ukuqhathanisa okuhlukile kungaqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwalezi zinguquko.

• Isifundo sokuhlobana. Lapho uhlola ubudlelwano phakathi kobude besikhathi sokuzijwayeza ukucabanga nokuphila kahle, ungahlaziya ukuthi lezi ziguquko zihlobana kanjani:

Incazelo	Value
Isilinganiso sobude besikhathi sokuzijwayeza	Imizuzu engama-62 iseshini ngayinye
Isilinganiso senhlalakahle kahle	3.12 ngaphandle kwe-5
I-coefficient yokuxhumanisa	Izobalwa

Le ndlela icacisa amandla obudlelwano phakathi kobude besikhathi sokuzijwayeza kanye nokuphila kahle.

Ngokufingqa idatha yakho ngempumelelo, ubeka isisekelo esiqinile sokuhlaziya izibalo okwengeziwe, wenze kube neziphetho ezinokuqonda mayelana nemibuzo yakho yocwaningo.

Hlaziya idatha yakho ngezibalo ezingenangqondo

Ngemva kokufingqa idatha yakho ngezibalo ezichazayo, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuze ufinyelele iziphetho mayelana nenani elikhulu labantu usebenzisa izibalo ezingenangqondo. Lesi sigaba sihlola imibono ecatshangelwe ngesikhathi sesigaba sokuhlela ucwaningo futhi sijule ukuhlaziya izibalo.

Ukuhlola ama-hypotheses nokwenza izilinganiso

Izibalo ze-inferential zivumela abacwaningi ukuthi babikezele izici zabantu ngokusekelwe kudatha yesampula. Izindlela eziyinhloko zifaka:

• Linganisa. Ukwenza ukuqagela okufundile mayelana namapharamitha wesibalo sabantu, avezwa kanje:
  • Izilinganiso zamaphuzu. Amanani angawodwa amelela ipharamitha, njengeleveli yengcindezi emaphakathi.
  • Izilinganiso zesikhawu. Ububanzi kungenzeka buhlanganise ipharamitha, bunikeze isilondolozi sephutha nokungaqiniseki.
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-hypothesis. Izibikezelo zokuhlola mayelana nemiphumela yabantu ngokusekelwe kudatha yesampula. Lokhu kuqala ngenkolelo yokuthi awukho umthelela okhona (i-null hypothesis) futhi kusebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwezibalo ukuze kubonakale ukuthi lokhu kungenqatshwa yini ngokuvuna umphumela obonwayo (enye inkolelo-mbono).

Ukubaluleka kwezibalo kuhlola ukuthi imiphumela ingenxa yenhlanhla yini. Inani lika-p elingaphansi kuka-0.05 ngokuvamile libonisa imiphumela ebalulekile, ephakamisa ubufakazi obuqinile obumelene ne-null hypothesis.

Ukusebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwezibalo

Ukukhethwa kokuhlolwa kwezibalo kuhambisana nesakhiwo socwaningo nezici zedatha:

• Ukuhlolwa kuka-t okubhangqiwe. Ihlola izinguquko ezifundweni ezifanayo ngaphambi nangemuva kokwelashwa, okulungele ukuhlolwa kwangaphambilini nokuqhathanisa kwangemuva kokuhlolwa ezifundweni ezifana nokungenelela kwethu kokuqaphela.
  • Isibonelo. Ukuqhathanisa izikolo zokucindezeleka ngaphambi (Mean = 68.4, SD = 9.4) nangemva (Mean = 75.2, SD = 9.8) ukuqeqeshwa kwengqondo ukuze kuhlolwe izinguquko ezibalulekile.
• Ukuhlolwa kokuhlobana. Ikala amandla okuhlotshaniswa phakathi kokuhluka okubili, njengobude besikhathi sokuzijwayeza ukucabanga kahle nokuphila kahle.
  • Ukuhlolwa kokuhlobana kwePearson. Inquma ukuthi izinguquko esikhathini sokucabanga zihlobene kanjani nezinguquko enhlalakahleni yabasebenzi.

Izibonelo ezisebenzayo nomongo

• Ucwaningo lokuhlola. Ukusebenzisa ukuhlolwa kuka-t okubhangqiwe kudatha yocwaningo lokucabanga kubonisa ukwehla okuphawulekayo kumazinga okucindezeleka, ngenani lika-t elingu-3.00 kanye nenani le-p elingu-0.0028, okuphakamisa ukuthi ukuqeqeshwa kwengqondo kunciphisa ngempumelelo ingcindezi yendawo yokusebenza. Lokhu kuthola kusekela ukusetshenziswa kwemikhuba evamile yokucabanga njengokungenelela okuzuzisayo ekunciphiseni ukucindezeleka emsebenzini. • Isifundo sokuhlobana. Ukuhlobana okuhle okumaphakathi (r = 0.30) okuqinisekiswe ukuhlolwa kwezibalo (i-t-value = 3.08, p-value = 0.001) kubonisa ukuthi izikhathi zokucabanga ezinde zithuthukisa inhlalakahle. Ukwengeza ubude besikhathi seseshini yokucabanga kungase kuthuthukise inhlalakahle yonke phakathi kwabasebenzi.

Ukucabangela okucatshangwayo kanye nezikhombisi-ndlela zesikhathi esizayo

Ukwazisa ngokugcwele imiphumela yalokho esikutholile, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuqagela okuyisisekelo kanye nezindlela ezingaba khona zophenyo olwengeziwe:

• Okucatshangwayo kanye nemikhawulo. Ukuthembeka kwemiphumela yethu kuncike ekucabangeni ukuthi idatha ilandela iphethini evamile futhi iphoyinti ledatha ngalinye lizimele kwamanye. Uma idatha, njengezikolo zengcindezi, ingalandeli le phethini evamile, ingatshekisa imiphumela futhi ingase iholele eziphethweni ezingalungile.
• Izinsiza ezibukwayo. Ukufaka amagrafu namathebula abonisa ukusatshalaliswa kwamaphuzu angaphambi kokuhlolwa kanye nangemuva kokuhlolwa, kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwesikhathi sokuzijwayeza kwengqondo nokuphila kahle, kunconywa ukwenza okutholakele kucace futhi kuhehe. Lezi zithombe ezibukwayo zisiza ukubonisa amathrendi namaphethini ayinhloko, kuthuthukise ukutolika kwedatha.
• Ucwaningo olwengeziwe. Izifundo zesikhathi esizayo zingahlola izici ezengeziwe ezithinta inhlalakahle zisebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kwe-multivariate noma ukufunda imishini. Lokhu kungase kwembule imininingwane ejulile kokuguquguqukayo okunomthelela ekunciphiseni ukucindezeleka.
• Ukuhlaziya okuthuthukile. Ukusebenzisa amasu amaningi okubuyisela emuva kungasiza ukuqonda ukuthi izici ezihlukahlukene zihlangana kanjani ukuze zithinte ukucindezeleka nokuphila kahle, kunikeze umbono obanzi wemiphumela yokucabanga.

Ngokubhekana nalokhu kucatshangelwa nokuhlola lezi zikhombisi-ndlela, uthuthukisa ukuqonda kwakho ukusebenza kokungenelela kokucabangela, ukuqondisa ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kanye nokwazisa izinqumo zenqubomgomo.

Ukutolika okutholile

Isiphetho sokuhlaziywa kwakho kwezibalo sibandakanya ukuhumusha okutholile ukuze uqonde imithelela yakho kanye nokuhambisana nemibono yakho yokuqala.

Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwezibalo

Ukubaluleka kwezibalo kubalulekile ekuhlolweni kwe-hypothesis, okusiza ukucacisa uma imiphumela ingenzeka ngenxa yenhlanhla. Usetha lokhu ngokuqhathanisa inani lakho lika-p ngokumelene nomkhawulo onqunywe kusengaphambili (imvamisa engu-0.05).

Nazi izibonelo ezisebenzayo ezivela ocwaningweni lwethu lokucabangela ukubonisa ukuthi ukubaluleka kwezibalo kuhunyushwa kanjani:

• Ukuhlaziya kokuhlola. Ngoshintsho lwezinga lokucindezeleka ocwaningweni lokucabanga, inani elingu-p elingu-0.0027 (ngaphansi komkhawulo ongu-0.05) lisiholela ekwenqabeni inkolelo-mbono eyize. Lokhu kukhombisa ukwehla okukhulu kwengcindezi ngenxa yokuzivocavoca kwengqondo, hhayi nje ukuhluka okungahleliwe. • Ukuhlaziywa okuhlangene. Inani le-p lika-0.001 ocwaningweni elihlola ubude besikhathi sokucabanga nokuphila kahle libonisa ukuhlobana okubalulekile, okusekela umbono wokuthi izikhathi ezinde zithuthukisa inhlalakahle, nakuba zingasho ukuthi imbangela eqondile.

Ihlola usayizi womphumela

Usayizi womthelela ukala amandla omphumela, ugcizelela ukubaluleka kwawo okungokoqobo okungaphezu nje kokuwufakazela ngezibalo. Ngezansi, ungabona izibonelo zosayizi womphumela ocwaningweni lwethu lokuqaphela:

• Usayizi womthelela ocwaningweni lokuhlola. Ubala u-Cohen's d ngezinguquko kumazinga okucindezeleka ngenxa yokucabangela, uthola inani elingu-0.72, eliphakamisa umthelela osebenzayo ophakathi nendawo ukuya phezulu. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukuqeqeshwa kwengqondo akunciphisi nje kuphela ukucindezeleka ngokwezibalo kodwa kwenza kanjalo ngezinga elinenjongo ngokwemibandela engokoqobo. Kulabo abangayazi i-Cohen's d, ikala usayizi womehluko phakathi kwezindlela ezimbili ngokuhlobene nokuchezuka okujwayelekile kwedatha yesampula. Nansi inkomba emfushane yokutolika i-Cohen's d.
• Usayizi womthelela ocwaningweni lokuhlobana. Ngokucabangela imibandela ka-Cohen, inani lika-Pearson r elingu-0.30 liwela esigabeni sikasayizi womphumela omaphakathi. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ubude besikhathi sokuzijwayeza ukucabangela kunokuhlobana okusesilinganisweni, okubalulekile nempilo yabasebenzi. U-Pearson's r ukala amandla okuhlotshaniswa komugqa phakathi kokuhluka okubili. Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe nge-r kaPearson kanye nencazelo yayo, Chofoza lapha.

Ukucabangela amaphutha ekuthathweni kwezinqumo

Ekuhlaziyweni kwezibalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela amaphutha ezinqumo angaba khona, okungaba nomthelela omkhulu eziphethweni ezithathwe kudatha yocwaningo:

• Thayipha iphutha i-I kwenzeka uma wenqaba ngokungalungile i-null hypothesis yangempela, okungenzeka uphakamise ukuthi uhlelo lusebenza kahle uma lungasebenzi. Lokhu kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi “i-false positive”.
• Uhlobo II iphutha kwenzeka uma wehluleka ukwenqaba i-null hypothesis engamanga, okungenzeka ukuthi uphuthelwe imiphumela yangempela yokungenelela, okwaziwa ngokuthi "igethivu yamanga."

Ukulinganisa ubungozi balawa maphutha kuhlanganisa ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela kwezinga lokubaluleka kanye nokuqinisekisa amandla anele ekwakhiweni kwakho kocwaningo. Amasu okunciphisa lawa maphutha ahlanganisa:

• Ukwandisa usayizi wesampula. Amasampula amakhulu anciphisa ububanzi bephutha futhi andise amandla ocwaningo, okunciphisa amathuba okwenza amaphutha ohlobo II.
• Ukusebenzisa amazinga okubaluleka afanelekile. Ukulungisa ileveli ye-alpha (isb, ukusuka ku-0.05 kuye ku-0.01) kunganciphisa amathuba okuba namaphutha ohlobo I, nakuba lokhu kungase futhi kunciphise amandla okuthola imiphumela yangempela ngaphandle kwalapho usayizi wesampula ulungiswa ngendlela efanele.
• Ukwenza ukuhlaziya amandla. Ngaphambi kokuqoqa idatha, ukwenza ukuhlaziya amandla kusiza ukuthola usayizi omncane wesampula odingekayo ukuze kutholwe umthelela wosayizi onikeziwe ngeleveli efiswayo yokuzethemba, ngaleyo ndlela ulawule kokubili ubungozi bamaphutha oHlobo I kanye Nohlobo II.

Ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho bezemfundo

Ngemva kokuchaza okutholile nangaphambi kokuphothula ucwaningo lwakho, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho nokunemba komsebenzi wakho. Sebenzisa yethu okuhlola ukukopela ukuze uqinisekise okwangempela kokuhlaziywa kwakho kanye nengcaphuno efanele yemithombo. Leli thuluzi elithuthukisiwe linikeza amaphuzu anemininingwane afanayo, lisebenzisa ama-algorithms ayinkimbinkimbi ukuthola izimo ezicashile ukubekezela, futhi ihlanganisa amaphuzu engcuphe ebonisa amathuba okuba izingxenye zokuhlaziya kwakho zithathwe njengezingezona ezoqobo. Iphinde yenze ukuhlaziya kwengcaphuno ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zonke izinkomba ziqashelwa ngokunembile, iqinisa ukwethembeka kocwaningo lwakho olubalulekile kuzo zombili izilungiselelo zemfundo nezomsebenzi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, yethu isevisi yokubuyekezwa kwedokhumenti ubuyekeza ngokucophelela umbhalo wakho obhaliwe, elungisa amaphutha ohlelo nezimpawu zokuloba ukuze aqinisekise ukucaca nokuvumelana. Abahleli bethu abanekhono abagcini ngokuhlola umbhalo wakho kodwa futhi bathuthukisa ukugeleza kwawo kanye nokufundeka kwawo, okwenza ukuhlaziya kwakho kwezibalo kuthandeke futhi kube lula ukukuqonda. Ngokucwenga okuqukethwe, isakhiwo, ulimi, kanye nesitayela, sikusiza ukuthi udlulise okutholile ngokuphumelelayo kubabukeli bakho.

Ukufaka lezi zinsizakalo kuthuthukisa ukuthembeka kokutholile, kukhulisa ukuqina kwesayensi, futhi kuphakamisa ukwethulwa kocwaningo lwakho ekuhlaziyeni kwezibalo. Lokhu kunaka kwemininingwane kuqinisekisa ukuthi idokhumenti yakho yokugcina ihlangabezana namazinga aphezulu kakhulu obuqotho ezifundweni kanye nokusebenza kahle kochwepheshe.

Amathuluzi esofthiwe okuhlaziya izibalo okuphumelelayo

Njengoba sihlola izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingokoqobo kanye nezisekelo zethiyori zokuhlaziya izibalo, ukukhetha amathuluzi esofthiwe afanele kubonakala kubalulekile. Lawa mathuluzi athuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokujula kocwaningo lwakho futhi avumele ukuhlaziya okuyinkimbinkimbi nemininingwane ecacile. Ngezansi, siveza amanye amathuluzi esofthiwe ezibalo asetshenziswa kakhulu, sichaza amandla awo nezimo zokusetshenziswa ezijwayelekile ukukusiza ukhethe okulingana kahle kakhulu kwezidingo zakho.

R

I-R iyimvelo yesofthiwe yamahhala enikezelwe kukhompyutha yezibalo kanye nemifanekiso. Yaziwa ngohlu lwayo olubanzi lwamaphakheji namandla aqinile kumodeli yezibalo eyinkimbinkimbi, i-R inenzuzo ikakhulukazi kubacwaningi abadinga izinqubo zezibalo ezithuthukisiwe. Isekela ukwenza ngokwezifiso okubanzi kanye nokuvezwa kwezithombe ezinemininingwane, okuyenza ilungele ukuhlaziya okuyinkimbinkimbi.

Python

Ubulula nokuguquguquka kwePython kuyenze yaba yisisekelo ekuhlaziyweni kwezibalo, okusekelwa imitapo yolwazi efana neNumPy, SciPy, kanye nama-panda. Lolu limi lufanelekile kulabo abaqala ukuhlaziya idatha, olunikeza i-syntax eqondile namandla okukhohlisa idatha. I-Python ihamba phambili kumaphrojekthi ahlanganisa ukufunda komshini nokuhlaziywa kwedatha enkulu.

I-SPSS (Iphakethe lezibalo lesayensi yezenhlalo)

I-SPSS ithandwa ngesixhumi esibonakalayo esisebenziseka kalula, okwenza ukuhlaziya kwezibalo okuyinkimbinkimbi kufinyeleleke kubacwaningi ngaphandle kolwazi olubanzi lokuhlela. Isebenza kahle kakhulu ekuhlaziyweni kwedatha yenhlolovo nolunye ucwaningo oluvame ukwenziwa kusayensi yezenhlalo. I-Graphical User Interface (GUI) ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi benze ukuhlola kwezibalo ngokusebenzisa amamenyu alula namabhokisi ezingxoxo, esikhundleni sokubhala amakhodi okuyinkimbinkimbi, okuyenza ibe ithuluzi elithembekile nelinembile lezibalo ezichazayo.

I-SAS (Uhlelo lokuhlaziya izibalo)

I-SAS yaziwa kakhulu ngokwethembeka kwayo ekuhlaziyeni okuthuthukile, ubuhlakani bebhizinisi, kanye nokuphathwa kwedatha, okuyenza ibe ukukhetha okuthandwayo ezimbonini ezifana nokunakekelwa kwezempilo nemithi. Iphatha kahle amasethi edatha amakhulu futhi inikeze umphumela onemininingwane wokuhlaziywa kwe-multivariate, okubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukunemba nokuvumelana kokutholakele kwakho.

Ukubuka konke kokuqhathanisa kwesofthiwe yokuhlaziya izibalo

Software	Amandla	Izimo zokusetshenziswa ezijwayelekile	Cost	Umphakathi wabasebenzisi
R	Amaphakheji abanzi, ukumodela okuthuthukile	Ukuhlaziya izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi	Mahhala	Enkulu, esebenzayo
Python	I-Versatility, kulula ukuyisebenzisa	Ukufunda ngomshini, ukuhlaziywa kwedatha okukhulu	Mahhala	Izinsiza ezibanzi, eziningi
I-SPSS	I-GUI esebenziseka kalula, inhle kwabaqalayo	Idatha yocwaningo, izibalo ezichazayo	Paid	Isekelwa kahle i-IBM, izifundiswa
SAS	Iphatha amasethi edatha amakhulu, okukhiphayo okuqinile	Ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, imithi	Paid	Professional, imboni iqinile

Ukuqalisa nge-software yezibalo

Kulabo abasha kulawa mathuluzi, izifundo eziningi ze-inthanethi nezisetshenziswa zingasiza ukuvala igebe phakathi kolwazi lwethiyori kanye nokusebenza okusebenzayo:

• R. Abasaqalayo kufanele baqale ngephakheji elingu-R eliwumgogodla, baphathe kahle izisekelo zamavekhtha, ama-matrices, nozimele bedatha. Ukuhlola amaphakheji engeziwe avela ku-CRAN, njenge-ggplot2 yezithombe ezithuthukisiwe noma ukunakekela ukufunda komshini, kungathuthukisa amakhono akho okuhlaziya.
• Python. Qala ngezifundo eziyisisekelo zePython ku I-Python.org. Ngemva kokufunda okuyisisekelo, faka amalabhulali okuhlaziya idatha afana nama-Panda namalabhulali okubona ngeso lengqondo afana ne-Matplotlib ukuze wandise amakhono akho okuhlaziya.
• I-SPSS. I-IBM, inkampani ethuthukise i-SPSS, inikeza imibhalo enemininingwane nezivivinyo zamahhala ukusiza abasebenzisi abasha baqonde amakhono e-SPSS, okuhlanganisa nomhleli wayo we-Syntax wemisebenzi ezenzakalelayo. Lokhu kufinyelela kunenzuzo ikakhulukazi kuleyo software entsha yezibalo, inikeza isingeniso esisebenziseka kalula semisebenzi yezibalo eyinkimbinkimbi.
• SAS. I-SAS University Edition inikeza inkundla yokufunda yamahhala, elungele abafundi nabacwaningi abafuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwabo uhlelo lwe-SAS nokuhlaziywa kwezibalo.

Ngokukhetha isofthiwe efanele futhi unikeze isikhathi sokufunda ukusebenza kwayo, ungathuthukisa ngokuphawulekayo ikhwalithi nobubanzi bokuhlaziywa kwakho kwezibalo, okuholela eziphethweni ezinokuqonda okwengeziwe kanye nemiphumela yocwaningo olunomthelela.

Isiphetho

Lo mhlahlandlela ugqamise indima ebalulekile yokuhlaziywa kwezibalo ekuguquleni idatha eyinkimbinkimbi ibe imininingwane engasebenza kuyo yonke imikhakha eyahlukene. Kusukela ekwakhekeni okucatshangelwayo nokuqoqa idatha kuye ekuhlaziyeni nasekuchazeni imiphumela, isigaba ngasinye sithuthukisa amakhono akho okwenza izinqumo nokucwaninga—okubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezemfundo nobungcweti. Ukwenza amathuluzi ezibalo njengochwepheshe njenge-R, Python, SPSS, ne-SAS kungaba inselele, kodwa izinzuzo—imininingwane ebukhali, izinqumo ezihlakaniphile, nocwaningo oluqinile—zibalulekile. Ithuluzi ngalinye linikeza amandla ayingqayizivele okuphatha ukuhlaziya idatha eyinkimbinkimbi ngempumelelo. Sebenzisa ingcebo yezinsiza eziku-inthanethi, okokufundisa, nokusekelwa komphakathi ukuze uthuthukise amakhono akho ezibalo. Lezi zinsiza zenza kube lula ukuhlangana kokuhlaziywa kwezibalo, kuqinisekise ukuthi uhlala unolwazi. Ngokucija amakhono akho okuhlaziya izibalo, uzovula amathuba amasha kukho kokubili ucwaningo lwakho kanye nempilo yobungcweti. Qhubeka ufunda futhi usebenzise lezi zindlela, futhi khumbula—yonke isethi yedatha inendaba. Ngamathuluzi alungile, ulungele ukukusho ngokuphoqelela.